Supplementary Files
Keywords
density
structural dominance
heterogeneity
uniformity
similarity of life-stages.
área basal y de copa
densidad
dominancia estructural
heterogeneidad
uniformidad
semejanza de estadios.
How to Cite
Abstract
Dioon holmgrenii is an endangered species and found in Southern Oaxaca, Mexico. Notwithstanding the extintion condition of this species, there is no relevant information on the ecological aspects of its populations, and this situation complicates the approval of management plans for its conservation. Our aim was to study D. holmgrenii forest characteristics, population structure and life-stages diversity in ten populations located in Sierra Madre del Sur, Oaxaca. For this, four sampling units (SU) measuring 25 x 50 m each (1 250 m2) were established per population, 40 SU in total (50 000 m2). Basal diameter (BD), basal area (BA), stem height (AT), crown diameter (DC), crown area (AC), and number of leaves (NH), were measured for each individual, from January to May 2013. Additionally, plant density, population structure, structural dominance index (IDE), heterogeneity (H'), evenness (E) and similarity (ISct) of life-stages (seedling, juvenile 1, juvenile 2, pre-reproductive, adult 1, adult 2, adult 3, and adult 4) were assessed. Plant density ranged from 148 to 954 individuals ha-1. Total basal area ranged from 1.3 to 17.6 m2.ha-1, and total crown area varied from 78.3 to 1 136.3 m2.ha-1. Forest traits of each individual (DB= 7.7 to 13.4 cm, AB= 0.010 to 0.023 m2, AT= 0.20 to 0.47 m, DC= 0.49 to 1.09 m, AC= 0.55 to 1.55 m2 and NH= 7.06 to 14.90) were different (p˂0.05) among populations. The highest values of IDE (0.01 to 5.63) were found in adult 1 and adult 2 in all populations. The most common population structure was found in those populations with the lowest proportions in juvenile 1 and juvenile 2, and the highest proportion in adult 1. Heterogeneity (H'= 1.05 to 1.71) and uniformity (E= 0.57 to 0.88) of life-stages were significantly different among populations (p˂0.05), and at least four life-stages (3.91= 48.9x8/100) were different among populations for half of the comparisons (22 of 45) of similarity (ISct < 0.68). Alfa diversity of life-stages was high in populations without plant damage, while beta diversity was low in those populations with human presence. Life-stages with the highest reproductive vigour (adult 1, adult 2) showed the highest structural dominance in all populations. These results may support the design and operation of management plans of D. holmgrenii populations, to enhance its protection in the area.
References
Alejandre-Rosas, J. A., Sánchez-Tinoco, M. Y., & Vázquez-Torres, M. (1990). Estructura poblacional de Ceratozamia mexicana Brongn. (Zamiaceae) en un bosque del centro de Veracruz. La Ciencia y El Hombre, 5, 93-112.
Álvarez-Yepiz, J. C., Búrquez, A., & Dovčiak, M. (2014). Ontogenetic shifts in plant-plant interactions in a rare cycad within angiosperm communities. Oecologia, 175, 725-735.
Asmussen, B. (2009). Another burning question: Hunter-Gatherer exploitation of Macrozamia spp. Archaeology in Oceania, 44, 142-149.
Bongers, F., Popma, J., Meave-Del Castillo, J., & Carabias, J. (1988). Structure and floristic composition of the lowland rain forest of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Vegetatio, 74, 55-80.
Carreón-Santos, R. J., & Valdez-Hernández, J. I. (2014). Estructura y diversidad arbórea de la vegetación secundaria derivada de una selva mediana subperennifolia en Quintana Roo. Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente, 20, 119-130.
Chao, A., Chazdon, R. L., Colwell, R. K., & Shen, T-J. (2006). Abundance-based similarity indices and their estimation when there are unseen species in samples. Biometrics, 62, 361-371.
Chemnick, J., Gregory, T., & Morales, S. (2010). Dioon holmgrenii. In The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T42129A10660365. Recuperate of http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T42129A10660365.en
Christenhusz, M. J. M., Reveal, J. L., Farjon, A., Gardner, M. F., Mill, R., & Chase, M. W. (2011). A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms. Phytotaxa, 19, 55-70.
Condamine, F. L., Nagalingum, N. S., Marshall, C., & Morlon, H. (2015). Origin and diversification of living cycads: a cautionary tale on the impact of the branching process prior in Bayesian molecular dating. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 15, 65.
Conover, W. J., & Iman, R. L. (1981). Rank transformation as a bridge between parametric and nonparametric statistics. The American Statistician, 35, 124-129.
Contreras-Medina, R., Ruiz-Jiménez, C. A., & Luna-Vega, I. 2003. Caterpillars of Eumaeus childrenae (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) feeding on two species of cycads (Zamiaceae) in the Huasteca region, Mexico. Revista de Biología Tropical, 51, 201-204.
Corella-Justavino, F., Valdez-Hernández, J. I., Cetina-Alcalá, V. M., González-Cossio, F. V., Trinidad-Santos, A., & Aguirre-Rivera, J. R. 2001. Estructura forestal de un bosque de mangles en el noreste del estado de Tabasco, México. Revista Ciencia Forestal en México, 26, 73-102.
Cruz-Ruiz, E., Cruz-Ruiz, A., Aguilera-Gómez, L. I., Norman-Mondragón, H. T., Velázquez, R. A., Nava-Bernal, G., Dendooven, L., & Reyes-Reyes, B. G. (2012). Efecto en las características edáficas en un bosque templado por el cambio de uso de suelo. Terra Latinomericana, 30, 189-197.
Curtis, J. T., & McIntosh, R. P. (1951). An upland forest continuum in the prairie-forest border region of Wisconsin. Ecology, 32, 476-496.
Dawson, J. W. (1883). On the Cretaceous and Tertiary floras of British Columbia and the Northwest Territory. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 1, 15-34.
Di Rienzo, J. A., Casanoves, F., Balzarini, M. G., Gonzalez, L., Tablada, M., & Robledo, C. W. (2015). InfoStat versión 2015. Córdoba, Argentina: Grupo InfoStat, FCA, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba.
Flores-Vázquez, J. C., Valverde, T., & Lucas-González, J. L. (2012). How critical are the early life-cycles stages in the population ecology of cycads? A case study with Dioon merolae in southeastern Mexico. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, 106, 40-58.
García-Mayoral, L. E., Valdez-Hernández, J. I., Luna-Cavazos, M., & López-Morgado, R. (2015). Estructura y diversidad arbórea en sistemas agroforestales de café en la Sierra de Atoyac, Veracruz. Madera y Bosques, 21, 69-82.
Krishnamurthy, V., Mandle, L., Ticktin, T., Ganesan, R., Sannesh, C. S., & Varghese, A. 2013. Conservation status and effects of harvest on an endemic multi-purpose cycad, Cycas circinalis L., Western Ghats, India. Tropical Ecology, 54, 309-320.
Kruskal, W. H., & Wallis, W. A. 1952. Use of ranks in one-criterion variance analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 47, 583-621.
Lázaro-Zermeño, J. M., González-Espinoza, M., Mendoza, A., & Martínez-Ramos, M. (2012). Historia natural de Dioon merolae (Zamiaceae) en Chiapas, México. Botanical Sciences, 90, 73-87.
Lázaro-Zermeño, J. M., González-Espinoza, M., Mendoza, A., Martínez-Ramos, M., & Quintana-Ascencio, P. F. (2011). Individual growth, reproduction and population dynamics of Dioon merolae (Zamiaceae) under different leaf harvest histories in central Chiapas, Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management, 261, 427-439.
López-Gallego, C. 2008. Demographic variation in cycad populations inhabiting contrasting forest fragments. Biodiversity and Conservation, 17, 1213-1225.
López-Toledo, J. F., Valdez-Hernández, J. I., Pérez-Farrera, M. A., & Cetina-Alcalá, V. M. (2012). Composición y estructura arbórea de un bosque tropical estacionalmente seco en la Reserva de la Biosfera La Sepultura, Chiapas. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales, 3, 44-56.
McQuitty, L. L. (1966). Similarity analysis by reciprocal pairs for discrete and continuous data. Educational and Psychological Measurements, 26, 825-831.
Magurran, A. E. (1988). Ecological diversity and its measurement. Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press.
Magurran A. E. (2004). Measuring biological biodiversity. Malden, USA: Blackwell Publishing.
Mamay, S. H. (1976). Paleozoic origin of the cycads. Professional Paper 934. Washington, USA: Geological Survey.
Marler, T. E. (2012). Cycad Aulacaspis scale invades the Mariana Islands. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, 106, 20-35.
Marler, E. M., & Lawrence, J. H. (2012). Demography of Cycas micronesica on Guam following introduction of the armored scale Aulacaspis yasumatsui. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 28, 233-242.
Martínez-Ramos, M., & Álvarez-Buylla, E. (1995). Ecología de poblaciones de plantas de una selva húmeda en México. Boletín de la Sociedad Botánica de México, 56, 121-153.
Moreno, C. E. (2001). Métodos para medir la biodiversidad. Zaragoza, España: CYTED, ORCYT-UNESCO & SEA.
Negrón-Ortiz, V., & Breckon, G. J. (1989). Population structure in Zamia debilis (Zamiaceae). I. Size classes, leaf phenology, and leaf turnover. American Journal of Botany, 76, 891-900.
Negrón-Ortiz, V., & Gorchof, D. L. (2000). Effects of fire season and postfire herbivory on the Cycad Zamia pumila (Zamiaceae) in slash pine savanna, Everglades National Park, Florida. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 161, 659-669.
Nicolalde-Morejón, F., González-Astorga, J., Vergara-Silva, F., Stevenson, D. W., Rojas-Soto, O., & Medina-Villarreal, A. (2014). Biodiversidad de Zamiaceae en México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 85, S114-S125.
Núñez-Colín, K., & Escobedo-López, D. (2011). Uso correcto del análisis clúster en la caracterización de gemoplasma vegetal. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 22, 415-427.
Octavio-Aguilar, P., González-Astorga, J., & Vovides, A. P. (2008). Population dynamics of the Mexican cycad Dioon edule Lindl. (Zamiaceae): life history stages and management impact. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 157, 381-391.
Ornduff, R. (1991). Coning phenology of the cycad Macrozamia riedlei (Zamiaceae) over a five-year interval. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 118, 6-11.
Ortíz-Pérez, M. A., Hernández-Santana, J. R., & Figueroa, M. E. (2004). Reconocimiento fisiográfico y geomorfológico. In A. J. García-Mendoza, M. J. Ordoñez, & M. Briones-Salas (Eds.), Biodiversidad de Oaxaca (pp. 43-54). México: Instituto de Biología UNAM-Fondo Oaxaqueño para la Conservación de la Naturaleza-World Wildlife Found.
Osborne, R., Calonje, M. A., Hill, K. D., Stanberg, L., & Stevenson, D. W. (2012). The world list of cycads. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Gardens, 106, 480-510.
Peet, R. K. (1974). The measurements of species diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 5, 285-307.
Pérez-Farrera, M. A, Vovides, A. P., Octavio-Aguilar, P., González-Astorga, J., De la Cruz-Rodríguez J., Hernández-Jonapá, R., & Villalobos-Méndez, S. M. (2006). Demography of the cycad Ceratozamia mirandae (Zamiaceae) under disturbed and undisturbed conditions in a biosphere reserve of Mexico. Plant Ecology, 187, 97-108.
Pérez-Farrera, M. A., & Vovides, A. P. (2004). Spatial distribution, population structure, and fecundity of Ceratozamia mirandae Lundell (Zamiaceae) in El Triunfo Biosfere Reserve, Chiapas, México. Botanical Review, 70, 299-311.
Pérez-Farrera, M. A., Quintana-Ascencio, P. F., & Salvatierra-Izaba, B. (2000). Population dynamics of Ceratozamia matudai (Zamiacae) in El Triunfo Biosfere Reserve, Chiapas, México. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, 127, 291-299.
Peters, C. M. (1994). Sustainable harvest of non-timber plant resources in tropical moist forest: an ecological primer. Washington, USA: Biodiversity Support Program.
Pulido, M. T., Vargas-Zenteno, M., Vite, A., & Vovides, A. P. (2015). Range extension of the endangered Mexican cycad Ceratozamia fuscoviridis Moore (teosintle): implications for conservation. Tropical Conservation Science, 8, 778-795.
Raimondo, D. C., & Donaldson, J. S. (2003). Responses of cycads with different life histories to the impact of plant collecting: simulation models to determine important life history stages and population recovery times. Biological Conservation, 111, 345-358.
Ruiz-García, N., Méndez-Pérez, B. Y., Velasco-García, M. V., Sánchez-de la Vega, G., & Rivera-Nava, J. L. (2015). Ecología, distribución, ciclo biológico y tabla de vida de Eumaeus toxea (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) en la provincia fisiográfica Costa de Oaxaca, México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 86, 998-1003.
SAS (Statistical Analysis System). (2002). SAS/STAT computer software. Release 9.00. Cary, USA: SAS Institute Inc.
SEMARNAT (Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Natura¬les). (2010). Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, Protección ambiental - Especies nativas de México de flora y fauna silvestres - Categorías de riesgo y especificacio¬nes para su inclusión, exclusión o cambio - Lista de especies en riesgo. D.F., México: Diario Oficial de la Federación. 2da Sección, 30 de diciembre de 2010.
Sokal, R. R., & Michener, C. D. (1958). A statistical methods for evaluating systematic relationships. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 38, 1409-1438.
Southwood, T. R. E., & Henderson, P. A. (2000). Ecological methods (3rd ed.). USA: Blackwell Science Ltd. Oxford.
Varghese, A., Krishnamurthy, V., & Ticktin, T. (2012). Harvest, use, and ecology of Cycas circinalis L. a case study in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve area, Western Ghats, India. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, 106, 178-191.
Velasco-García, M. V., Valdez-Hernández, J. I, Ramírez-Herrera, C., Hernández-Hernández, M. L., López-Upton, J., López-Mata, L., & López-Sánchez, H. 2016. Estructura, heterogeneidad de estadios y patrón de dispersión espacial de Dioon holmgrenii (Zamiaceae). Botanical Sciences, 94, 75-87.
Velasco-García, M. V., Sánchez-De la Vega, G., Ruiz-García, N., Ruiz-Jiménez, C., Méndez-Pérez, B. Y., & Mejía-Cuevas, I. (2011). Distribución de Dioon holmgrenii (Zamiaceae) y su estado de conservación. En L. J. Toledo-Flores (Ed), 13° Foro Estatal de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (pp. 495-500). Oaxaca, México: Consejo Oaxaqueño de Ciencia y Tecnología.
Vovides, A. P. (1990). Spatial distribution, survival, and fecundity of Dioon edule (Zamiaceae) in a tropical deciduous forest in Veracruz, Mexico, with notes on its habitat. American Journal of Botany, 77, 1532-1543.
Vovides, A. P., & Iglesias, C. G. (1994). An integrated conservation strategy for the cycad Dioon edule Lindl. Biodiversity and Conservation, 3, 137-141.
Yáñez-Espinosa, L., & Sosa-Sosa, F. (2007). Population structure of Dioon purpusii Rose in Oaxaca, Mexico. Neotropical Biology and Conservation, 2, 46-54.
Zarco-Espinosa, V. M., Valdez-Hernández, J. I., Ángeles-Pérez, G., & Castillo-Acosta, O. (2010). Estructura y diversidad de la vegetación arbórea del parque estatal Agua Blanca, Macuspana, Tabasco. Universidad y Ciencia Trópico Húmedo, 26, 1-17.
Zhifeng, G., & Thomas, B. A. (1989). A review of fossil cycad megasporophylls, with new evidence of Crossozamia Pomel and its associated leaves from the lower Permian of Taiyuan, China. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 60, 205-223.
Comments
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2017 Revista de Biología Tropical