Keywords
Diadema aff. antillarum
non-crustose macroalgae
wave exposure
habitat complexity
islas Canarias
Diadema aff. antillarum
macroalgas no costrosas
exposición al oleaje
complejidad de hábitat
How to Cite
Abstract
Diadema aff. antillarum performs a key role in organizing and structuring rocky macroalgae assemblages in the Canary Islands; increased sea urchin population density can result in the formation of rocky grounds covered with crustose algae. In the Canary Islands this type of system alternates with non-crustose macroalgal systems. However, understanding of the process controlling formation, persistence and alternation between states is still poor. Moreover, knowledge of spatial and temporal variations of this key herbivore populations are scarce. Here an extensive study of D. aff. antillarum populations throughout the Canarian Archipelago were presented, with particular emphasis on two main themes: firstly the influence of sea urchin population on non-crustose macroalgal assemblages. Secondly, the spatial variation of adult sea urchin populations at different scales: both on a large scale (between islands and sites with different wave exposure) and on a medium-small scale (between depths and habitats with different characteristics), and including comments regarding human influence on the observed spatial pattern between the studied islands. The main results were: (1) densities of D. aff. antillarum higher than 4 ind.m-2 drastically reduce non-crustose macroalgal cover to under 30%; (2) Tenerife Island comprises the highest urchin densities while El Hierro has been found to have the lowest; (3) wave exposure is a factor determining sea urchin density: more highly exposed sites present lower urchin density and vice versa; (4) rocky grounds covered with crustose algae can be found at greater depth in more highly exposed sites and at shallower depths in lesser exposed sites; (5) when sand percentage over the rocky substrate exceeds 20%, urchin density is limited to under 1 ind.m-2 and (6) high relief rocky substrate present higher urchin densities and hence a lower non-crustose macroalgal cover. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (Suppl. 3): 229-254. Epub 2009 January 05.References
Aguilera, F., A. Brito, C. Castilla, A. Díaz, A., J. M. Fernández-Palacios, A. Rodríguez, F. Sabaté & J. Sánchez. 1994. Canarias, economía, ecología y ambiente. Francisco Lemus, La Laguna, Spain. 361 p.
Airoldi, L. 2003. The effects of sedimentation on rocky coast assemblages. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 41: 161–236.
Alves, F.M.A., L.M. Chícharo, E. Serrão & D. Abreu. 2001. Algal cover and sea urchin spatial distribution at Madeira Island (NE Atlantic). Sci. Mar. 65: 383-392.
Alves, F.M.A., L.M. Chícharo, E. Serrão & D. Abreu. 2003. Grazing by Diadema antillarum (Philippi) upon algal communities on rocky substrates. Sci. Mar. 67: 307-311.
Anderson, M.J. 2001. Permutational tests for univariate or multivariate analysis of variance and regression. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Scienc. 58: 626-639.
Anderson, M.J & C.J.F. ter Braak. 2003. Permutation test for multi-factorial analysis of variance. J. Stat. Comp. Sim. 73: 85-113.
Andrew, N.L. 1993. Spatial heterogeneity, sea urchin grazing, and habitat structure on reefs in temperate Australia. Ecol. 74: 292-302.
Aristegui, J., P. Tett, A. Hernández-Guerra, G. Basterretxea, M.F. Montero, K. Wild, P. Sangra, S. Hernández- Leon, M. Canton, J.A. García Braun, M. Pacheco & E.D. Barton. 1997. The influence of island generated eddies on chlorophylla distribution: a study of mesoscale variation around Gran Canaria. Deep-Sea Research I. 44: 71–96.
Bacallado, J.J., A. Brito, T. Cruz, M. Carrillo & J. Barquín. 1987. Proyecto Bentos II. Anexo: estudio de la biología del Erizo de Lima (Diadema antillarum). Informes para la Consejería de Agricultura y Pesca del Gobierno de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain. 58 p.
Bacallado, J.J., T. Cruz, A. Brito, J. Barquín & M. Carrillo. 1989. Reservas Marinas de Canarias. Consejería de Agricultura y Pesca, Gobierno de Canarias. Departamento de Biología Animal (Ciencias Marinas), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain. 200 p.
Bak, R.P.M. 1985. Recruitment patterns and mass mortalities in the sea urchin Diadema antillarum. Proc. 5th Int. Coral Reef Congr., Tahiti. 5: 267-272.
Bak, R.P.M., M.J.E. Carpay & E.D. de Ruyter van Steveninck. 1984. Densities of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum before and after mass mortalities on the coral reefs of Curacao. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 17: 105-8.
Balch, T., R.E. Scheibling & B.G. Hatcher. 1999. A major settlement event associated with minor meteorologic and oceanographic fluctuations. Can. J. Zool. 77: 1657-1662.
Barry, J.P. & P. K. Dayton. 1991. Physical Heterogeneity and the Organization of Marine Communities, p. 270–320. In J. Kolasa, & S.T.A. Picketand (eds.). Ecological Heterogeneity. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
Barton, E.D., J. Aristegui, P. Tett, M. Canton, J. García- Braun, S. Hernández-Leon, L. Nykjaer, C. Almeida, J. Almunia, S. Ballesteros, G. Basterretxea, J. Escánez, L. García-Weill, A. Hernández-Guerra, F. López- Laatzen, R. Molina, M.F. Montero, E. Navarro- Pérez, J.M. Rodríguez, K. van Lenning, H. Veleza, & K. Wilda. 1998. The transition zone of the Canary Current upwelling region. Prog. Ocenogr. 41: 455- 504.
Barton, E.D. 1994. European Coastal Transition Zone Islas Canarias. Final Report of the contract number: MAST-0031.
Bas, C., J.J. Castro, V. Hernández-García, J.M. Lorenzo, T. Moreno, J.G. Pajuelo & A.J. González-Ramos. 1995. La Pesca en Canarias y Áreas de Influencia. Ediciones del Cabildo Insular de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain. 331 p.
Bauer, J. C. 1980. Observations on geographical variations in population density of the echinoid Diadema antillarum within the western North Atlantic. Bull. Mar. Sci. 30: 509-15.
Bellwood, D.R., T.P. Hughes, C. Folke & M. Nyström. 2004. Confronting the coral reef crisis. Nature 429: 827-833.
Bennedetti-Cechi, L. & F. Cinelli. 1995. Habitat heterogeneity, sea urchin grazing and distribution of algae in littoral rocky pools on the west coast of Italy (western Mediterranean). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 126: 203-212.
Bortone, S.A., J.V. Tassell, A. Brito, J.M. Falcón & S.M. Bundrick. 1991. A visual assessment of the inshore fishes and fisheries resources off El Hierro, Canary Islands: a base line survey. Sci. Mar. 55: 529-541.
Brito, A., T. Cruz, E. Moreno & J.M. Pérez. 1984. Fauna Marina de las Islas Canarias, p. 42-65. In J.J. Bacallado (ed.). Fauna marina y terrestre del Archipiélago Canario. Edirca, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
Brito, A., J.M. Falcón, N. Aguilar & P. Pascual. 2001. Fauna Vertebrada Marina, p. 219-231. In J.M. Fernandez- Palacios & J.L. Martín-Esquivel (eds.). Naturaleza de las Islas Canarias: Ecología y Conservación. Turquesa, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
Brito, A., J.C. Hernández, J.M. Falcón, N. García, G. González-Lorenzo, M.C. Gil-Rodríguez, A. Cruz- Reyes, G. Herrera, A. Sancho, S. Clemente, E. Cubero, D. Girard & J. Barquín. 2004. El Erizo de lima (Diadema antillarum) una especie clave en los fondos rocosos litorales de Canarias. Macronesia 6: 68-86.
Carpenter, R.C. 1981. Grazing by Diadema antillarum (Philippi) and its effects on the benthic algae community. J. Mar. Res. 39: 749-765.
Carpenter, R.C. 1984. Predators and population density control of homing behaviour in the Caribbean echinoids Diadema antillarum. Mar. Biol. 82: 101-108.
Chapman, A.R.O. 1981. Stability of sea urchin dominated barren grounds following destructive grazing of kelp in St. Margaret’s Bay, eastern Canada. Mar. Biol. 62: 307–311.
Clemente, S., J.C. Hernández, K. Toledo & A. Brito. 2007. Predation upon Diadema aff. antillarum at barrens grounds in the Canary Islands. Sci. Mar. 71: 745-754.
Connell, J.H. & M.J. Keough. 1985. Disturbance and patch dynamics of subtidal marine animals on hard substrata, p. 125-151. In S.T.A. Pickett & P.S. White (eds.). The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. Academic, Orlando, USA.
Davenport, R., S. Never, P. Helmke, J. Pérez-Moreno & O. Llinas. 2002. Primary productivity in the northern Canary Islands region as inferred from Seawifs imagery. Deep-Sea Research II. 49: 3481-3496.
Dayton, P.K. & M.J. Tegner. 1984. Catastrophic Storms, El Niño, and Patch Stability in a Southern California Kelp Community. Science 224: 283-285.
Debrot, A. O. & I. Nagelkerken. 2006. Recovery of the long-spined sea urchin Diadema antillarum in Curaçao (Netherlands Antilles) linked to lagoonal and wave sheltered shallow rocky habitats. Bull. Mar. Sci. 79: 415-424.
Dethier, M.N. 2001. Biological Units, p. 48-74. In S.N. Murray, R.F. Ambrose & M.N. Dethier (eds.). Methods for performing monitoring, impact, and ecological studies on rocky shores. Santa Bárbara: MMS OCS study 2001-070. Coastal Research Center, Marine Science Institute, University of California, California, USA.
Díez, I., A. Santolaria & J.M. Gorostiaga. 2003. The relationship of environmental factors to the structure and distribution of subtidal seaweed vegetation of the western Basque coast (N Spain). Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 56: 1041-1054.
Duggins, D.O. 1989. Kelp beds and sea urchins: an experimental approach. Ecology. 61: 447-453.
Dunson, W.A. & J. Travis. 1991. The role of abiotic factors in community organization. Am. Nat. 138: 1067-1091.
Ebert, T.A & M.P. Russell. 1988. Latitudinal variation in size structure of the west coast purple sea urchin: a correlation with headlands. Limnol. Oceanogr. 33: 286-294.
Ebling, F.S., A.D. Hawkins, J.A. Kitching, P. Muntz & V.M. Pratt. 1966. The ecology of Lough Ine XVI. Predation and diurnal migrations in Paracentrotus community. J. Anim. Ecol. 35: 559–566.
Erikson, B.K. & L. Bergström. 2005. Local distribution patterns of macroalgae in relation to environmental variables in northern Baltic Proper. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 62: 109-117.
Estes, J. & J.F. Palmisiano. 1974. Sea otters: their role in structuring near shore communities. Science 185: 1058-1060.
Falcón, J.M., S.A. Bortone, A. Brito & C.M. Bundrick. 1996. Structure of and relationships within and between the littoral, rock-substrate fish communities off four islands in the Canarian Archipelago. Mar. Biol. 125: 215-231.
Falcón, J.M., J.C. Hernández, A. Brito, N. García, G. González-Lorenzo, A. Cruz-Reyes, G. Herrera, M.C. Gil-Rodríguez & S. Clemente. 2004. Effects of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum reduction on algae, sessile invertebrates and fish populations in the Canary Islands. Proc. V Int. Symp. Fauna and Flora of the Atlantic Islands, University College Dublín, Ireland. 230 p.
Folke, C., S. S. Carpenter, B. Walker, M.Scheffer, T. Elmqvist, L. Gunderson & C.S.Holling. 2004. Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management. A. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 35: 557-581.
Fraschetti, S., A. Terlizzi, A. & L. Benedetti-Cechi. 2005. Patterns of distribution of marine assemblages from rocky shores: evidence of relevant scales of variation. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 296: 13-29.
Gagnon, P., J.H. Himmelman & L.E. Johnson. 2004. Temporal variation in community interfaces: kelpbed boundary dynamics adjacent to persistent urchin barrens. Mar. Biol. 144: 1191-1203.
Gaines, S.D. and J. Lubchenco. 1982. A unified approach to marine plant-herbivore interactions II. Biogeographic Patterns. A. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 13: 111-138.
Garrido, M. J. 2003. Contribución al conocimiento de Diadema antillarum Philippi 1845, en Canarias. Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain. 107 p.
Gratwicke, B. & M.R. Speight. 2005. Effects of habitat complexity on Caribbean marine fish assemblages. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 292: 301-310.
Guidetti, P. 2006. Marine reserves reestablish lost predatory interactions and cause community effects in rocky reefs. Ecol. Applic. 16: 963–976.
Guidetti, P., and J. Dulcic. 2007. Relationship among predatory fish, sea urchins and barrens in Mediterranean rocky reef across a latitudinal gradient. Mar. Env. Res. 63: 168-184.
Guidetti, P., S. Fraschetti, A. Terlizzi & F. Boero. 2003. Distribution patterns of sea urchins and barrens in shallow Mediterranean rocky reefs impacted by the illegal fishery of the rocky-boring mollusc Lithophaga lithophaga. Mar. Biol. 143: 1135-1142.
Harmelin, J.G., C. Bouchon, C. Duval & J.S. Hong. 1980. Les échinodermes des substrats durs de I`ile de Port-Cros, Parc National (Méditerranée Nord- Occidentale). Elèments pour un inventaire quantitatif. Trav. Sci. Parc. Nat.Port-Cros. 6 : 25-38.
Harrold, C. & J. S. Pearse. 1987. The ecological role of echinoderms in kelp forests, p. 137-233. In M. Jangoux & J.M. Lawrence (eds.). Echinoderm Studies 2. Balkema, Rotterdam, Holland.
Hawkins, S.J. 1981. The influence of season and barnacles on the algal colonization of Patella vulgata exclusion areas. J. Mar. Biol Ass. UK. 61: l-15.
Hawkins, S.J. & R.G. Hartnoll. 1983. Grazing of intertidal algae by marine invertebrates. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. A. Rev. 21: 195-282.
Hay, M.E. 1984. Patterns of fish and urchin grazing on Caribbean coral reefs: are previous results typical? Ecol. 65: 446-454.
Hay, M.E. 1991. Marine-terrestrial contrasts in the ecology of plant chemical defenses against herbivores. Trends Ecol. Evol. 6: 362-365.
Hernández, J.C. 2006. Estrategia reproductiva de la población canaria del erizo Diadema aff. antillarum Philippi, 1845: maduración gonadal, asentamiento larvario y reclutamiento. Tesis Doctoral, Servicio de publicaciones de la Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain. 241 p.
Hernández, J.C., S. Clemente & A. Brito. 2008. Effects of seasonality and environmental variables on the reproduction, settlement and recruitment of the sea urchin Diadema aff. antillarum at the Canary Islands. Proc. 12th Int. Echinoderm Conf., University of New Hampshire, Durham NH, USA. 120 p.
Hernández, J.C., S. Clemente, C. Sangil & A. Brito. 2007a. Actual status of Diadema aff. antillarum populations and macroalgal cover in the Marine Protected Areas comparing to a Highly Fished Area (Canary Islands-Eastern Atlantic Ocean). Aquat. Conser.: Mar. Freshwater ecosys. DOI: 10.1002/aqc.903.
Hernández, J.C., M. C. Gil-Rodríguez, G. Herrera-López & A. Brito. 2007b. Diet of the key herbivore Diadema antillarum in two contrasting habitats in the Canary Islands (Eastern Atlantic). Vieraea 35: 109-120.
Herrera, R. 1998. Dinámica de las comunidades bentónicas de los arrecifes artificiales de Arguineguín (Gran Canaria) y Lanzarote. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain. 309 p.
Hixon, M.A. & B.A. Menge. 1991. Species diversity: prey refuges modify the interactive effects of predation and competition. Theor. Pop. Biol. 39: 178-200.
Hunte, W. & D. Younglao. 1988. Recruitment and population recovery of Diadema antillarum (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) in Barbados. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 45: 109-119.
Jennings, S., D.P. Boulle & N.V.C. Polunin. 1996. Habitats correlates of the distribution and biomass of Seychelles reef fishes. Environ. Biol. Fish. 46: 15-25.
John, D.M., J.H. Price & G.W. Lawson. 1992. Tropical east Atlantic and Islands: plant-animal interactions on tropical shores free of biotic reefs, p. 87-99. In D.M. Jonh, S. J. Hawkins & J.H. Price (eds.). Plant- Animal Interactions in the Marine Benthos. Oxford, Oxford, England.
Johnson, C.R. & K.H. Mann. 1993. Rapid succession in subtidal understorey seaweeds during recovery from overgrazing by sea urchins in eastern Canada. Bot. Mar. 36: 63–77.
Johnson, C.R., J.P. Valentine & H.G. Pederson (2004) A most unusual barrens: complex interactions between lobsters, sea urchins and algae facilitates spread of an exotic kelp in eastern Tasmania, p. 213-220. In T. Heinzeller & J.H. Nebelsick (eds.). Proceedings of the International Echinoderm Conference. Munich, 6–10 October 2003. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Leiden, Holland.
Keats, D.W. 1991. Refugial Laminaria abundance and reduction in urchin grazing in communities in the North-west Atlantic, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 71: 867–876.
Knowlton, N. 2004. Multiple “stable” states and the conservation of marine ecosystems. Progr. Oceanogr. 60: 387-396.
Lauzon-Guay, J.S. & R.E. Scheibling. 2007. Seasonal variation in movement, aggregation and destructive grazing of the green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) in relation to wave action and temperature. Mar. Biol., 151: 2109-2118.
Lauzon-Guay, J.S., R.E. Scheibling & M. Barbeau. 2006. Movement pattern in the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. J. Mar. Biol Ass. UK. 86: 167-174.
Lawrence, J.M. 1975. On the relationships between marine plants and sea urchins. Ocean Mar. Biol. A. Rev. 13: 213-286.
Lawrence, J.M. & P.W. Sammarco. 1982. Effects of feeding on the environment: Echinoidea, p. 499-635. In M. Jangoux & J.M. Lawrence (eds.). Echinoderm Nutrition. Balkema, Rotterdam, Holland.
Lee, S.C. 2006. Habitat complexity and consumer-mediated positive feedbacks on a Caribbean coral reef. Oikos 112: 442-447.
Lessios, H.A. 1988. Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum in the Caribbean: What have we learned? A. Rev. Ecol. Evol. System. 19: 371-379.
Lessios, H.A., B.D. Kessing & J.S. Pearse. 2001. Population structure and speciation in tropical seas: global phylogeography of the sea urchin Diadema. Evol. 55: 955-975.
Levin, S.A. 1992. The Problem of Pattern and Scale in Ecology: The Robert H. MacArthur Award Lecture. Ecol. 73: 1943-1967.
Levitan, D.R. 1989. Density-dependent size regulation in Diadema antillarum: effects on fecundity and survivorship. Ecol. 70: 1414-1424.
Levitan, D.R. 1991. Skeletal changes in the test and jaws of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum in response to food limitation. Mar. Biol. 111: 431-435.
Levitan, D.R. 1992. Community structure in times past: influence of human fishing pressure on algal-urchin interactions. Ecol. 73: 1597-1605.
Levitan, D.R., & S.J. Genovese. 1989. Substratumdependent predator-prey dynamics: patch reefs as refuges from gastropod predation. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 130: 111-118.
Lubchenco, J. 1983. Littorina and Fucus: effects of herbivores substratum heterogeneity, and plants escapes during succession. Ecol. 64: 1116-1123.
Luckhurst, B.E. & K. Luckhurst. 1978. Analysis of the influence of substratum variables on coral reef communities. Mar. Biol. 49: 317-323.
Mann, K.H. 1977. Destruction of kelp-beds by sea urchins, a cyclical phenomenon or irreversible degradation. Helgol. W. Meeres. 30: 455-467.
McClanahan, T.R. & J.D. Kurtis. 1991. Population regulation of the rock-boring sea urchin Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 147: 121-146.
McClanahan, T.R. 1994. Kenyan coral reef lagoon fish: effects of fishing, substrate complexity, and sea urchins. Coral Reefs 13: 231-241.
McClanahan, T.R. 2000. Coral reef use and conservation, p. 39-80. In T.R. McClanahan, C.R.C. Sheppard & D.O. Obura (eds.). Coral reef of the Indian Ocean. Their ecology and conservation. Oxford, Oxford, England.
McShane, P.E. & J.R. Naylor. 1991. A survey of Kina populations (Evechinus chloroticus) in Dusky Sound and Chalky Inlet, southwestern. New Zealand Fish Asset Res. Doc. 91: 17-21.
Menge, B.A. 2000. Top-down and bottom-up community regulation in marine rocky intertidal habitats. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 250: 257-289.
Menge, B.A. & J.P. Sutherland. 1987. Communty regulation: variation in disturbance, competition, and predation in relation to environmental stress and recruitment. Am. Nat. 130: 730-757.
Miller, R.J. 1985. Succession in sea urchin and seaweed abundance in Nova Scotia, Canada. Mar. Biol. 84: 275-286.
Molina, R. & F.L. Laatzen. 1986. Hidrología en la región comprendida entre las Islas Canarias Orientales, Marruecos y la Isla Madeira. Campaña “Norcanarias I”. Bol. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr. 3: 1- 16.
Moro-Abad, L., J.L. Martín-Esquivel, M.J. Garrido & I. Izquierdo-Zamora. 2003. Lista de especies marinas de Canarias. Algas, hongos, plantas y animales. Banco de datos de biodiversidad de Canarias. Gobierno de Canarias, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain. 219 p.
North, W.J. & J.S. Pearse. 1970. Sea urchin population explosion in southern California Coastal Waters. Science 167: 209. Ogden, J.C. 1976. Some aspects of herbivore-plant relationships on Caribbean reefs and seagrass beds. Aquat. Bot. 2: 109-116.
Ogden, J.C., R.A. Brown & N. Salesky. 1973. Grazing by the echinoid Diadema antillarum Philippi: formation of halos around West Indian path reefs. Science 182: 715-717.
Pérez, O.M., T.C. Telfer & L.G. Ross. 2003. On the calculation of wave climate for offshore cage culture site selection: a case study in Tenerife (Canary Islands). Aquacul. Engin. 29: 1-21.
Robert, C.M. & R.F.G. Ormond. 1987. Habitat complexity and coral ref. fishes diversity and abundance on Red Sea fringing reefs. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 41: 1-8.
Sala, E., C.F. Bouderesque & M. Harmelin-Vivien. 1998. Fishing, trophic cascades, and the structure of algal assemblages: evaluation of an old but untested paradigm. Oikos 82: 425-439.
Sala, E. & M. Zabala. 1996. Fish predation and the structure of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus populations in the NW Mediterranean. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 140: 71-81.
Sammarco, P.W. 1982. Effects of grazing by Diadema antillarum Philippi (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) on algal diversity and community structure. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 65: 83-105.
Sammarco, P.W., J.S. Levinton & J.C. Ogden. 1974. Grazing and control of coral reef communityst structure by Diadema antillarurn Philippi (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): A preliminary study. J. Mar. Res. 32: 47-53.
Sangil, C., J. Afonso-Carrillo & M. Sansón. 2006a. Estructura y composición de las comunidades algales sublitorales de los fondos rocosos de la isla de El Hierro (Islas Canarias). Proc. XIV Simp. Ibérico de Estudios en Biología Marina, Universidad Complutense de Barcelona, Spain. 205 p.
Sangil, C., M. Sansón & J. Afonso-Carrillo. 2006b. Distribución de las comunidades algales de sustratos rocosos en la isla de La Palma (Islas Canarias). Proc. XIV Simp. Ibérico de Estudios en Biología Marina, Universidad Complutense de Barcelona, Spain. 205 p.
Sansón, M., J. Reyes & J. Afonso-Carrillo. 2001. Flora Marina, p. 193-199. In J.M. Fernández-Palacios & J.L. Martín-Esquivel (eds.). Naturaleza de las Islas Canarias: Ecología y Conservación. Turquesa Ediciones, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
Scheibling, R.E. & R.L. Stephenson. 1984. Mass mortality of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) off Nova Scotia, Canada. Mar. Biol. 78: 153-164.
Shears, N.T. & R.C. Babcock. 2002. Marine reserves demonstrate top-down control of community structure on temperate reefs. Oecol. 132: 131-142.
Sousa, W.P. 1984. Intertidal mosaics: patch size, propagule availability, and spatially variable patterns of succession. Ecol. 65: 1918-1935.
Sousa, W.P. 1985. Disturbance and patch dynamics on rocky intertidal shores, p. 101-124. In S.T.A. Pickett & P.S. White (eds.). The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. Academic, Orlando, USA.
Steneck, R.S, M.H. Grahan, B.J. Bourque, D. Corbett, J.M. Erlandson, J.A. Estes & M.J. Tegner. 2002. Kelp forest ecosystems: biodiversity, stability, resilience and future. Environ. Conser. 29: 436-459.
Suding, K.N., K.L. Gross & G.R. Houseman. 2004. Alternative states and positive feedbacks in restoration ecology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 19: 46-53.
Tomas, F., J. Romero & X. Turón. 2004. Settlement and recruitment of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus in two contrasting habitats in the Mediterranean. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 282: 173-184.
Turón. X., G. Giribert, S. Lopez & C. Palacín. 1995. Growth and population structure of Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in two contrastings habitat. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 122: 193-204.
Tuya, F. & R.J. Haroun. 2006. Spatial patterns and response to wave exposure of shallow water algae assemblages across the Canarian Archipelago: a multi-scaled approach. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 311: 15-28.
Tuya, F., J.A. Martín, G.M. Reuss & A. Luque. 2001. Food preferences of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum in Gran Canaria (Canary Island, central-east Atlantic Ocean). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK. 81: 845-849.
Tuya, F., A. Boyra, P. Sánchez-Jerez, C. Barbera & R. J. Haroun. 2004a. Relationships between rocky-reef fish assemblages, the sea urchin Diadema antillarum and macroalgae throughout the Canarian Archipelago. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 278: 157-169.
Tuya, F., A. Boyra, P. Sánchez-Jerez, C. Barbera & R.J. Haroun. 2004b. Can one species determine the structure of the benthic community on a temperate rocky reef? The case of the long-spined sea-urchin Diadema antillarum (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in the eastern Atlantic. Hydrobiol. 519: 211-214.
Tuya, F., R. Haroun, A. Boyra & P. Sánchez-Jerez. 2005. Sea urchin Diadema antillarum: different functions in the structure and dynamics of reefs on both sides of the Atlantic. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 302: 307-310.
Tuya, F., L. Ortega-Borges, A. B. Del Rosario-Pinilla & R. J. Haroun. 2006 Spatio-temporal variability in a key herbivore, the long-spined black sea urchin (Diadema antillarum, Echinodermata:Echinoidea) in the Canary Islands. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK. 86: 791-797.
Tuya, F., J. Cisneros-Aguirre, L. Ortega-Borges & R. J. Haroun. 2007. Bathymetric segregation of sea urchins on reefs of the Canarian Archipelago: Role of flow-induce forces. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Scienc. 73: 481-488.
Vadas, R.L. & R.W. Elner. 1992. Plant-animal interactions in the north-west Atlantic, p. 33-60. In D.M. Jonh, S.J. Hawkins, J.H. Price (eds.). Plant-Animal Interactions in the Marine Benthos. Oxford, Oxford, England.
Valentine, J.P. & S.R. Johnson. 2005. Persistence of sea urchin (Heliocidaris erythrogramma) barrens on the east coast of Tasmania: inhibition of macroalgal recovery in the absence of high densities of sea urchins. Bot. Mar. 48 : 106-115.
Verlaque, M. 1984. Biologie des juveniles de l´oursin herbivore Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck): sélectivité du broutage et impact de l´espèce sur les communautés algales de substrats rocheux en Corse-Méditerranée, France. Bot. Mar. 27: 401-427.
Yanes, A., M.V. Marzol & C. Romero. 2006. Characterization of sea storms along the coast of Tenerife, the Canary Islands. J. Coast. Res. 48: 124-128.
Comments
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2008 Revista de Biología Tropical