Keywords
ecomorphological traits
endemic fish
diversity.
diet
ecomorphological traits
endemic fish
diversity.
How to Cite
Abstract
This study integrated morphological characteristics and trophic ecology of Triportheus magdalenae in the El Guájaro reservoir, Atlántico, lower Magdalena River Basin, Colombia, based on the analysis of stomach contents and ecomorphological attributes. Five samplings were made between September 2014 and February 2016 considering each phase of the flood pulse. The fish were sampled using traditional fishing gear such as nets and trawls. The index of food importance (IAi %) was used to establish the dietary habits of the species, and the variation of the diet at interspecific level, and the vacuity coefficient (CV %) was also calculated. The Levins index standardized by Hurlbert (BA) was used to evaluate the amplitude between sizes, sex and hydrological phases. The oropharyngeal structures and the digestive tract were characterized, which together with morphological measurements, allowed and analyze 11 ecomorphological traits related to the use of habitat, such as position in the water column, and the exploitation of a particular trophic resource. The relationship between the ecomorphological traits and the diet of the species was analyzed by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). We analyzed 89 individuals (34 - 124 mm SL). Triportheus magdalenae was classified as carnivore/zooplanktivore, and has a narrow trophic niche (BA = 0.12). Showed a high exploitation of zooplankton (95.9 % IAi), mostly Cladocera (Ceriodaphnia sp.) and Copepoda (Notodiaptomus sp. and Thermocyclops sp). The youngest juveniles (34 - 190 mm SL) also consumed allochthonous insects (3.4 % IAi).The ecomorphological traits that contributed the most to this trophic specialization were the relative length of the gillrakers (LRBE) and the number of gillrakers (NBE), which varied significantly from the smaller to the larger ones, with an increase in both number as well as in length as individuals grow, which explains the strongly marked degree of specialization on zooplankton in adults, since they present a greater degree of efficiency in the process of filtering. The vacuity coefficient was high (54 %), which could be associated with a decrease in the density of zooplankton populations, especially during the time of lower waters strongly influenced by the EL NIÑO event, however the observed diet (22 items food) corresponded to 80 % of the diet estimated (28 estimated food items).
References
Abelha, F., Agostinho, A., & Goulart, E. (2001). Plasticidade trófica em peixes de água doce. Acta Scientiarum, 23(2), 425-434.
Alván-Aguilar, M., A., Alencar, Y., B., Hardy, E., R., & Chu-Koo, F. (2009). Alimentação de juvenis da sardinha papuda Triportheus flavus (Osteichthyes, Characidae) no periodo de cheia, no lago Camaleão (Amazonas, Brasil). Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana. Folia Amazónica, 18(1-2), 67-73.
Almeida, G., R., (1984). Biología alimentar de tres especies de Triportheus (pisces: characoideil; characidae) do lago do Castanho, Amazonas. Acta amazónica, 14(1-2), 48-76.
Balon, E. K., Crawford, S. S. & Lelek, A. (1986). Fish communities of the upper Danube river (Germany, Austria) prior to the new Rhein-Main-Donau connection. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 15(4), 243-271.
Benavides, L. R. (2007). Evaluación del contenido estomacal de la arenca Triportheus magdalenae Steindachner, 1878, (Pisces: Characidae) en el embalse de El Guájaro (Departamento del Atlántico). (Trabajo de grado de Biólogo) Universidad del Atlántico, Colombia.
Caraballo, P. (2009). Efecto de tilapia Oreochromis niloticus sobre la producción pesquera del embalse El Guájaro Atlántico-Colombia. Revista MVZ Córdoba 14(3), 1796-1802.
Chen, L. (2002). Post-settlement diet shift of Chlorurus sordidus and Scarus schlegeli (Pisces: Scaridae). Zoological Studies, 41(1), 47-58.
CRA, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, & CARDIQUE. (2002). Plan de Manejo Ambiental del complejo de ciénagas El Totumo, El Guájaro, y El Jobo en la ecorregión estratégica del Canal del Dique (Convenio No. 201680), Recuperado de: http://www.crautonoma.gov.co/documentos/recursohidrico/6_Diagnóstico%20Ordenamiento%20
Domínguez, E., & Fernández, H (Eds). (2009). Macroinvertebrados bentónicos sudamericanos: sistemática y biología. Tucumán, Argentina: Fundación Miguel Lillo.
Ebert, D., & Bizarro, J. (2007). Standardized diet compositions and trophic levels of skates (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei). Environmental Biology of Fishes, 80(2), 221-237. doi: 10.1007/s10641-007-9227-4
Fernández, E. M., Ferriz R. A., Bentos C. A., & López, G. R. (2012). Dieta y ecomorfología de la ictiofauna del arroyo Manantiales, provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales nueva serie 14(1), 1-13.
Fernando, C. H. (2002). A Guide to Tropical freshwater Zooplankton: Identification, Ecology and Impact on Fisheries. Netherlands: Backhuys Publisher, Leiden.
Galina, A. B., & Hahn S. N. (2003). Comparação da dieta de duas espécies de Triportheus (Characidae, Triportheinae), em trechos do reservatório de Manso e lagoas do río Cuiabá, Estado do Mato Grosso. Acta Scientiarum Biological Sciences, 25(2), 345-352.
García-Alzate, C. A., Román-Valencia C. & Ana M. Barrero. (2012). Biología alimentaria y reproductiva de Farlowella vittata (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) en la cuenca del río Güejar, Orinoquía, Colombia. Revista de Biología Tropical, 60(4), 1873-1888.
García-Alzate, C. A., Gutiérrez L.C., & De la Parra, A. (2016). Embalse de El Guájaro: Diagnostico ambiental y estrategias de rehabilitación. En M. Alvarado (Ed.), Sur del Atlántico (pp. 148-181). Barranquilla, Colombia: Fundación Promigas. ISBN: 978-958-8767-43-7.
Gatz, A. J. (1979). Ecological morphology of freshwater stream fishes. Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany, 21(2), 91-124.
Hammer, Ø. (2016). Paleontological Statistics (PAST Version 3.14). Natural History Museum, University of Oslo. Retrieved from http://folk.uio.no/ohammer/past
Herrera-Molina, C.A. (2010). Ecología trófica y reproductiva de la arenca Triportheus magdalenae y la sardina Astyanax magdalenae en el sistema del río Sogamoso, Colombia. (Trabajo de grado de Biólogo) Universidad de Nacional de Colombia.
Hyslop, E. J. (1980). Stomach contents analysis, a review of methods and their application. Journal of Fish Biology, 17, 411-429.
Hugueny, B., & Pouilly, M. (1999). Morphological correlates of diet in an assemblage of West African freshwater fishes. Journal of Fish Biology, 54, 1310-1325.
Ibarra-Trujillo, E. J., & García-Alzate, C. A. (2017). Ecología trófica y reproductiva de Hemibrycon sierraensis (Characiformes: Characidae), pez endémico del río Gaira, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Revista de Biología Tropical, 65(3), 1033-1045.
Jiménez-Segura, L. F., Carvajal-Quintero, J., & Aguirre, N. (2010). Las ciénagas como hábitat para los peces: estudio de caso de la ciénaga de Ayapel (Córdoba), Colombia. Actualidades Biologicas, 32(92), 53-64.
Kawakami, E., & Vazzoler, G. (1980). Método gráfico e estimativa de índice alimentar aplicado no estudo de alimentação de peixes. Boletín del Instituto Oceanográfico de Venezuela, 29(2), 205-207.
Krebs, C. J. (2014). Ecological Methodology Menlo Park California: Addison-Welsey Educational Publisher, Inc.
Malabarba M. (2004). Revision of the Neotropical genus Triportheus Cope, 1872 (Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichtyology, 2(4), 167-204.
Mariguela, T. C., Roxo, F. F., Foresti, F., & Oliveira, C. (2016). Phylogeny and biogeography of Triportheidae (Teleostei: Characiformes) based on molecular data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 96, 130-139.
Mérigoux, S., & D. Ponton. (1998). Body shape, diet and ontogenetic diet shifts in young fish of the Sinnamary River, French Guiana, South America. Journal of Fish Biology, 52, 556-569.
Morales, J., & García-Alzate, C. A. (2016). Estructura trófica de los peces en arroyos del Corral de San Luis, cuenca del Bajo Magdalena, Caribe, Colombia. Revista de Biología Tropical, 64(2),715-732.
Moreno, G. (2006). Ecología básica de Triportheus magdalenae y Pimelodus clarias en la ciénaga de Ayapel, (cuenca media del río San Jorge) durante el ciclo hidrológico 2004-2005. (Trabajo de grado Biólogo). Instituto de Biología. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín.
Pianka, E.R. (2000). Evolutionary ecology. 6th ed. Addison Wesley Longman, San Francisco.
Pouilly, M., Lino, F., Bretenoux, J. G., & Rosales, C. (2003). Dietary–morphological relationships in a fish assemblage of the Bolivian Amazonian floodplain. Journal of Fish Biology, 62, 1137-1158.
Ramírez, J. (2000). Fitoplancton de agua dulce: aspectos ecológicos, taxonómicos y sanitarios. Colombia: Editorial Universidad de Antioquia.
Ramírez, F., Lee, T., & Mojica, I. (2015). Dietary-morphological relationships of nineteen fish species from an Amazonian terra firme blackwater stream in Colombia. Limnologica, 52, 89-102.
Rodríguez, G., & Rodríguez, B. (1976). Contribución al estudio bioecológico de la “Arenca” Triportheus magdalenae Steindachner 1878. Instituto de desarrollo de los recursos naturales renovables.
Roldán, G. (1996). Guía para el estudio de los macroinvertebrados acuáticos del Departamento de Antioquia. Bogotá Colombia: Impreades Presencia S.A.
Sánchez, R., Galvis, G., & Victoriano, P. F. (2003). Relaciones entre características del tracto digestivo y los hábitos alimenticios de peces del rio Yucao, sistema del rio Meta (Colombia). Gayana, 67(1), 75-86.
Taylor, W. R. (1969). An enzyme method of clearing and stainig small vertebrales. Procedings of the United Sates Natural Museum, 122(3596) 1-17.
Teixeira, I & Bennemann, S. (2007). Ecomorfologia refletindo a dieta dos peixes em um reservatório no sul do Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 7(2), 67-76.
Ter-Braak, C. (1986). Canonical correspondence analysis: a new eigenvector technique for 540 multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology, 67, 1167-1179.
Valverde, T. Z. Cano-Santana, J. A. Meave & J. Carabias. (2005). Ecología y medio ambiente. Pearson Educación, México.
Villalón, J., & Vega, A. (2016). Aspectos históricos, Sur del Atlántico: cuatro mil años de historia. En M. Alvarado (Ed.), Sur del Atlántico (pp. 29-49). Barranquilla, Colombia: Fundación Promigas. ISBN: 978-958-8767-43-7
Watson, D., & Balon, E. (1984). Ecomorphological analysis of fish taxocenoses in rainforest stream of northern Borneo. Journal of Fish Biology, 145(1), 303-320.
Winemiller, K. O. (1991). Ecomorphological diversification in low-land fresh water fish assemblages from five biotic regions. Ecological Monographs, 61, 343-365.
Zarate-Hernández, R., Aguirre-León, A., Ortiz-Burgos, S., & Castillo-Rivera, M. (2007). Ecomorfología de peces estuarinos del Golfo de México. ContactoS, 66, 12-20.
Zhao, T., Villéger, S., Lek, S., & Cucherousset, J. (2014). High intraspecific variability in the functional niche of a predator is associated with ontogenetic shift and individual specialization. Ecology and Evolution, 4(24), 4649-4657.
Comments
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2018 Revista de Biología Tropical