Abstract
Abstract: The availability of baseline data on water parameters and primary productivity is essential in comparative studies aimed at identifying environmental trends, like eutrophication, in coastal embayments. In this context, the objetive of this work is to make accessible data, collected from 2000 to 2002, on 13 water parameters (Secchi depth, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation, suspended matter, chlorophyll-a, phaeopigments, phosphate, silicate, ammonium, nitrite and nitrate) their temporal and spatial distribution, and primary productivity at four coastal sites of Costa Rica. The multi-parameter survey was conducted based on surface (1 m deep) water samples collected at a total of 128 stations at three Pacific and one Caribbean embayments: a bay under the influence of upwelling (Culebra Bay), a tidal estuary (Gulf of Nicoya), a semi-enclosed small coastal bay bordered by mangroves (Golfito Bay), and a Caribbean bay and port (Moin Bay). Graphic distributions of stations from the four embayments and for the Gulf of Nicoya were obtained by Principal Component Analysis (PCA).PCA Gabriel biplots were used to illustrate the relative importance of each parameter on the separation of stations. The four embayments were separated by PCA based on the 13 parameters. The maximum values recorded were: Secchi depth: 12.6 m; salinity: 35 psu; temperature: 32.5 oC; oxygen: 11.4 mg/L; oxygen saturation: 188 %; suspended matter: 156.04 mg/L; chlorophyll-a: 16.21 mg/m3; phaeopigments: 6.37 mg/m3; phosphate: 9.53 µmol/L; silicate: 156.11 µmol/L; ammonium: 2.66 µmol/L; nitrite: 2.47 µmol/L; and nitrate: 4.59 µmol/L. Salinity and several nutrients varied seasonally (dry vs rainy) in the Gulf of Nicoya estuary. Estimates of net primary productivity (Winkler oxygen method) produced a maximum 2 206 g C/m2/year at Culebra Bay. The maximum net PP (g C/m2/year) at the other three embayments, were: 1 601 (Gulf of Nicoya), 1 371 (Golfito Bay), and 1 100 (Moín Bay). Net PP values showed high variability in space and time, and ranged from negative to those associated with oligotrophic, eutrophic, and hypertrophic waters. In the Gulf of Nicoya 60 % of the values of net PP exceeded the reference value (500 g C/m2/year) to separate eutrophic from hypertrophic conditions. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(Suppl. 1): S211-S230. Epub 2018 April 01.
References
Anderson, M. J. (2001). A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Austral Ecology, 26, 32-46.
Acuña-González, J., Vargas-Zamora, J. A., Gómez-Ramírez, E., & García-Céspedes, J. (2004). Hidrocarburos de petróleo, disueltos y dispersos, en cuatro ambientes costeros de Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 52(Supl. 2), S43-S50.
Alfaro, E. J., & Cortés, J. (2012). Atmospheric forcing and cool subsurface water events in Bahia Culebra, Gulf of Papagayo, Costa Rica, Revista de Biologia Tropical, 60(Suppl. 2), S173-S186.
Chávez, F., Messie, M., & Pennington, J.T. (2011). Marine Primary Production in relation to climate variability and change. Annual Review of Marine Science, 3, 227-260.
Cheek, A.O. (2006). Subtle sabotage, endocrine disruption in wild populations. Revista de Biología Tropical, 54(Suppl. 1), S1-S19.
Cloern, J.E., Foster, S.O., & Klechner, A. E. (2014). Phytoplankton primary production in the worlds’s estuarine-coastal ecosystems. Biogeosciences, 11, 2477-2501.
Conover, W.J. (1971). Practical non-parametric statistics. New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Córdoba-Muñoz, R. (1998). Primary productivity in the water column of Estero Morales, a mangrove system in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 46(Suppl. 6), S257-S262.
Dalsgaard, T., Canfield, D.E. Petersen, J. Thamdrup, B., & Acuña-González, J. (2003). N2 production by the anammox reaction in the anoxic water column of Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica. Nature, 422, 606-608.
Dean, H. K. (2004). Marine biodiversity of Costa Rica; Class Polychaeta (Annelida). Revista de Biología Tropical, 52(Suppl. 2), S131-S204.
Dean, H. K. (2008). The use of polychaetes (Annelida) as indicator species of marine pollution, a review. Revista de Biología Tropical, 56(Suppl. 4), S11-S38.
Dean, H. K. (2009). Polychaetes and echiurans. In I. S. Wehrtmann, & J. Cortés (Eds.). Marine Biodiversity of Costa Rica, Central America (pp. Text: 181-191, Species List: Compact Disc pp. 122-159). Berlin: Springer + Business Media B.V.
Dolédec, S., & Chessel, D. (1991). Recent developments in linear ordination methods for environmental sciences. Advances in Ecology, India, 1, 133-155.
Epifanio, C. E., Maurer, D., & Dittel, A. I. (1983). Seasonal changes in nutrients and dissolved oxygen in the Gulf of Nicoya, a tropical estuary on the Pacific coast of Central America. Hydrobiologia, 101, 231-238.
Fernández-García, C., Cortés, J., Alvarado, J. J., & Nivia-Ruiz, J. (2012). Physical factors contributing to the benthic dominance of the algae Caulerpa sertularioides (Caulerpaceae, Chlorophyta) in the upwelling Bahía Culebra, north Pacific of Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 60(Suppl. 2), S93-S107.
García, V., Acuña-González, J., Vargas-Zamora, J. A., & García-Céspedes, J. (2006). Calidad bacteriológica y desechos sólidos en cinco ambientes costeros de Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 54(Supl. 1), S35-S48.
García-Céspedes, J., Acuña-González, J. A., & Vargas-Zamora, J. A. (2004). Metales traza en sedimentos de cuatro ambientes costeros de Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 52(Supl. 2), S51-S60.
Gocke, K., Cortés, J., & Murillo, M. M. (2001a). Planktonic primary production in a tidally influenced mangrove forest on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 49(Suppl. 2), S279-S288.
Gocke, K., Cortés, J., & Murillo, M.M. (2001b). The annual cycle of primary productivity in a tropical estuary, The inner regions of the Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 49(Suppl. 2), S289-S306.
Gocke, K., Cortés, J., & Villalobos, C. (1990). Effects of red tides on oxygen concentration and distribution in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 38, 401-407.
Gravel, P., Johanning, K., McLachlan, J., Vargas, J.A., & Oberdörster, E. (2006). Imposex in the intertidal snail Thais brevidentata (Gastropoda, Muricidae) from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 54(Suppl. 1), S21-S26.
Hammer, Ø., Harper, D. A. T., & Ryan, P. D. (2001). PAST, Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica, 4, 1-9.
Holmes, R. W. (1970). The Secchi disk in turbid waters. Limnology, & Oceanography, 15, 688-694.
Jiménez, C. (2001). Arrecifes y ambientes coralinos de Bahía Culebra, Pacífico de Costa Rica, aspectos biológicos, económico-recreativos y de manejo. Revista de Biología Tropical, 49(Supl. 2), S215-S231.
Jiménez, C., Cortés, J., León, A., & Ruiz, E. (2001). Coral bleaching and mortality associated with the 1997-98 El Niño in an upwelling environment in the eastern Pacific (Gulf of Papagayo, Costa Rica). Bulletin of Marine Science, 69, 151-169.
Legendre, P., & Gallagher, E. D. (2001). Ecologically meaningful transformations for ordinations of species data. Oecologia, 129, 271-280.
Lizano, O. G., & Alfaro, E. (2004). Algunas características de las corrientes marinas en el Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 52(Supl. 2), S77-S94.
Mallin, M. A., Pearl, H. W., Rudek, J., & Bates, P. W. (1993). Regulation of estuarine primary production by watershed rainfall and river flow. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 93, 193-203.
Mata, A., Acuña, J. A., Murillo, M. M., & Cortés, J. (1987). La contaminación por petróleo en el Caribe de Costa Rica, 1981-1985. Caribbean Journal of Science, 23, 41-49.
Meier, P. C., & Zünd, R. E. (1993). Statistical Methods in Analytical Chemistry. New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Morales-Ramírez, A., Víquez, R., Rodríguez, K., & Vargas, M. (2001). Marea roja producida por Lingulodinium polyedrum (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae) en Bahía Culebra, Golfo de Papagayo, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 49(Supl. 2), S19-S23.
Muller-Parker, G., & Cortés, J. (2001). Spatial distribution of light and nutrients in some coral reefs of Costa Rica during January 1997. Revista de Biología Tropical, 49(Suppl. 2), S251-S263.
Palter, J., León-Coto, S., & Ballestero, D. (2007). The distribution of nuttrients, dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll a in the upper Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica, a tropical estuary. Revista de Biología Tropical, 55, 427-36.
Riley, J. P., & Chester, R. (1971). Introduction to Marine Chemistry. New York, USA: Academic Press.
Rixen, T., Jiménez, C., & Cortés, J. (2012). Impact of upwelling events on the sea water chemistry in the Gulf of Papagayo (Culebra Bay), Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 60(Suppl. 2), S187-S195.
Rojas-Figueroa, R. E., & Vargas-Zamora, J. A. (2008). Abundancia, biomasa y relaciones sedimentarias de Americonuphis reesei (Polychaeta, Onuphidae) en el Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 56(Supl. 4), S59-S82.
Rodríguez-Sáenz, K., & Morales-Ramírez, A. (2012). Composición y distribución del mesozooplancton en una zona de afloramiento costero (Bahía Culebra, Costa Rica) durante La Niña 1999 y el 2000. Revista de Biología Tropical, 60(Supl. 2), S143-S157.
Sibaja-Cordero, J. A., & Vargas-Zamora, J. A. (2006). Zonación vertical de epifauna y algas en litorales rocosos del Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 54(Supl. 1), S49-S67.
Silva, A. M., & Acuña-González, J. (2006). Caracterización físico-química de dos estuarios en la bahía de Golfito, Golfo Dulce, Pacífico de Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 54(Supl. 1), S241-S256.
Spongberg, A. L. (2004a). PCB contamination in surface sediments in the coastal waters of Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 52(Suppl. 2), S1-S10.
Spongberg, A. L. (2004b). PCB concentrations in sediments from the Gulf of Nicoya estuary, Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 52(Suppl. 2), S11-S22.
Spongberg, A. L. (2004c). PCB contamination in marine sediments from Golfo Dulce, Pacific of Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 52(Suppl. 2), S23-S32.
Spongberg, A. L. (2006). PCB concentrations in intertidal sipunculans (Phylum Sipuncula) from the Pacific of Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 51(Suppl. 1), S27-S33.
Spongberg, A., & Davis, P. (1998). Organochlorinated pesticide contaminants in Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 46(Suppl. 6), S111-S124.
Spongberg, A. L., & Witter, J. D. (2008). A review of PCB concentrations in tropical media, 1996-2007. Revista de Biología Tropical, 56(Suppl. 4), S1-S9.
Spongberg, A. L., Witter, J. D., Acuña, J., Vargas, J., Murillo, M., Umaña, G., … Perez, G. (2011). Reconnaissance of selected PPCP compounds in Costa Rican surface waters. Water Research, 45, 6709-6717.
Strickland, J. D. H., & Parsons, T. R. (1972). A Pratical Handbook of Sewater Analysis. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin, 167, 1-310.
Svendsen, H., Rosland, R., Myking, S., Vargas, J. A., Lizano, O. G., & Alfaro, E. J. (2006). A physical-oceanographic study of Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 54(Suppl. 1), S147-S170.
Valverde, R. A., Selcer, K. W., Lara, L. R., & Sibaja-Cordero, J. A. (2008). Lack of xenoestrogen-induced vitellogenin in male olive ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 56(Suppl. 4), S49-S57.
Vargas, J. A. (2016). The Gulf of Nicoya estuarine ecosystem. In M. Kapelle (Ed.). Ecosystems of Costa Rica (pp. 106-124). Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press.
Vargas, J. A., Acuña-González, J., Gómez, E., & Molina, J. (2015). Metals in coastal mollusks of Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 63(4), 1007-1019.
Vargas, J. A., Acuña-González, J., Vásquez, F., & Sibaja-Cordero, J. A. (2016). Brachiopods, sipunculans, enteropneusts and metals from two estuarine tidal flats, Pacific, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 64(3), 1311-1331.
Vargas, J. A., & Dean, H. K. (2009). Sipunculans. In I. S. Wehrtmann, & J. Cortés (Eds.). Marine Biodiversity of Costa Rica, Central America (pp. Text: 175-180, Species List: Compact Disc pp. 119-121). Berlin: Springer + Business Media B.V.
Vargas, J. A., & Mata, A. (2004). Where the dry forest feeds the sea, the Gulf of Nicoya Estuary, In G. W. Frankie, A. Mata, & S. B. Vinson (Eds.). Biodiversity Conservation in Costa Rica, Learning the Lessons in a Seasonal Dry Forest (pp. 126-135). California, USA: University of California Press.
Víquez, R., & Hargraves, P. E. (1995). Annual cycle of potentially harmful dinoflagellates in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. Bulletin of Marine Science, 57, 467-475.
Voorhis, A., Epifanio, C. E., Maurer, D., Dittel, A. I., & Vargas, J. A. (1983). The estuarine character of the Gulf of Nicoya, an embayment on the Pacific coast of Central America. Hydrobiologia, 99, 225-237.
Comments
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2018 Revista de Biología Tropical