Keywords
phytosociology
topsoil
nucleation
ecological restoration
matorrales
fitosociología
capa superficial del suelo
nucleación
restauración ecológica
How to Cite
Abstract
Introduction: Restingas are coastal plain ecosystems located along Eastern Brazil, corresponding to about 5 000 km. The restinga vegetation is associated with the Atlantic rainforest biome and comprises four distinct main formation zones: coastal grasslands, shrublands, open-forests and marsh zones. Especially due to coastal urbanization, this is a threatened ecosystem that, through its different shrub formations, exhibits a unique mosaic as a result of the vegetation distribution in nuclei of different covering, physiognomy and floristic composition. Objective: We aimed to characterize the above and belowground composition of a conserved, non-flooded, open-scrub, nuclei (patches of bushes) formation of restinga in Linhares, ES, southeastern Brazil. Methods: The vegetation survey was conducted using the line intercept method. Diameter and height of the first six nuclei were measured in five transects separated by 50 m, totaling 30 nuclei up to 350 m away from the shore line. The phytosociology and Shannon Index of the aboveground vegetation community were calculated. In the same 30 nuclei, leaf litter and topsoil layer (15 x 15 x 10 cm) samples were collected to survey the viable seed bank, which was later placed in a greenhouse for germination and seedling identification. The Sørensen Similarity index (SSi) was used to compare the floristic composition between the leaf litter and topsoil layer seed banks. Nuclei volume and number of species were calculated as well. Results: In the aboveground vegetation, 54 plant species belonging to 32 families were identified, totaling 1 098 individuals. The nuclei showed a diversity (H') of 3.08 nats, and an average diameter of 11.5 m (s = 9.1), area of 526.4 m2 (s = 1 081.7), and height of 2.9 m (s = 1.1). Davilla flexuosa, followed by Smilax rufescens, presented the highest IVI (Importance Value Index). A total of 1 839 seedlings from 32 species and 19 families were identified in the seed bank. Enydra sessilis (Asteraceae) had the highest seed density (544), while the family with highest species richness was Cyperaceae. A low similarity between the vegetation surveyed and the seed bank composition was found (only 5 species in common, SSi = 0.10). Conclusions: The results indicate that a post-disturbance early community, established from the seed bank, would have a substantially different species composition, but with other potential species to restore vegetation over the long-term succession.
References
Araujo, M.M., Oliveira, F.A., Vieira, I.C.G., Barros, P.L.C., & Lima, C.A.T. (2001). Densidade e composição florística do banco de sementes do solo de florestas sucessionais na região do Baixo Rio Guamá, Amazônia Oriental. Scientia Forestalis, 59, 115-130.
Baker, H.G. (1989). Some Aspects of the Natural History of Seed Banks. In M.A. Leck, T.V. Parker, & R.L. Simpson (Eds.), Ecology of Soil Seed Banks (pp. 9-21). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Bechara, F.C., & Reis, A. (2009). Banco de sementes no Parque Florestal do Rio Vermelho. In D.R. Tres & A. Reis (Eds.), Perspectivas sistêmicas para a conservação e restauração ambiental: do pontual ao contexto (pp. 1-374). Itajaí, SC, Brazil: Herbário Barbosa Rodrigues.
Bechara, F.C., Dickens, S.J., Farrer, E.C., Larios, L., Spotswood, E.N., Mariotte, P., & Suding, K.N. (2016). Neotropical rainforest restoration: comparing passive, plantation and nucleation approaches. Biodiversity and Conservation, 25, 2021-2034.
Brown, B. (1992). Estimating the composition of a forest seed bank: a comparison of the seed extraction and seedling emergence methods. Canadian Journal of Botany, 70(8), 1603-1612.
Caldato, S.L., Floss, P.A., Croce, D.M., & Longhi, S.J. (1996). Estudo da regeneração natural, banco de sementes e chuva de sementes na Reserva Genética Florestal de Caçador, SC. Ciência Florestal, 6(1), 27-38.
Colodete, M.F., & Pereira, O.J. (2007). Levantamento florístico da Restinga de Regência, Linhares, ES. Revista Brasileira de Biociências, 5, 558-560.
Correia, C.M.B., Dias, A.T.C., & Scarano, F.R. (2010). Plant-plant associations and population structure of four woody plant species in a patchy coastal vegetation of Southeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Botânica, 33(4), 607-613.
Costa, R.C., & Araújo, F.S. (2003). Densidade, germinação e flora do banco de sementes no solo, no final da estação seca, em uma área de caatinga, Quixadá, CE. Acta Botanica Brasilica, 17(2), 259-264.
Dias, A.T.C., Zaluar, H.L.T., Ganade, G., & Scarano, F.R. (2005). Canopy composition influencing plant patch dynamics in a Brazilian sandy coastal plain. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 21(3), 343-347.
Garwood, N.C. (1989). Tropical soil seed banks: a review. In M.A. Leck, T.V. Parker, & R.L. Simpson (Eds.), Ecology of Soil Seed Banks (pp. 149-209). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Grombone-Guaratini, M.T., & Rodrigues, R.R. (2002). Seed bank and seed rain in a seasonal semi-deciduous forest in Southeastern Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 18, 759-774.
Klein, A.S., Citadini-Zanette, V., & Santos, R. (2007). Florística e estrutura comunitária de Restinga herbácea no município de Araranguá, Santa Catarina. Biotemas, 20(3), 15-36.
Korte, A., de Gasper, A.L., Kruger, A., & Sevegnani, L. (2013). Composição florística e estrutura das Restingas em Santa Catarina. In A.C. Vibrans, L. Sevegnani, A.L. de Gasper, & D.V. Lingner (Eds.), Inventário Florístico Florestal de Santa Catarina (pp. 285-309). Blumenau: Edifurb.
Lacerda, L.D., Araujo, D.S.D., & Maciel, N.C. (1993). Dry coastal ecosystems of the tropical Brazilian coast. In E. van der Maarel (Ed.), Dry coastal ecosystems: Africa, America, Asia, Oceania (pp. 477-493). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Menezes, L.F.T., Souza, M., & Castro, D.N. (2007). Estrutura da formação arbustiva aberta não-inundável na Restinga da Marambaia (RJ). Revista Brasileira de Biociências, 5, 75-77.
Monteiro, M.M., Giaretta, A., Pereira, O.J., & Menezes, L.F.T. (2014). Composição e estrutura de uma Restinga arbustiva aberta no norte do Espírito Santo e relações florísticas com formações similares no Sudeste do Brasil. Rodriguésia, 65(1), 61-72.
Müller-Dombois, D., & Ellenberg, H. (1974). Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. New York, NY: John-Wiley & Sons.
Pereira, M.C.A., Cordeiro, S.Z., & Araujo, D.S.D. (2004). Estrutura do estrato herbáceo na formação aberta de Clusia do Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba, RJ, Brasil. Acta Botânica Brasílica, 18(3), 677-687.
Pereira, O.J., & Araújo, D.S.D. (2000). Análise florística das Restingas dos estados do Espírito Santo e Rio de Janeiro. In F.A. Esteves & I.D. Lacerda (Eds.), Ecologia de Restingas e lagoas costeiras (pp. 25-63). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: NUPEM/UFRJ.
Scarano, F.R. (2002). Structure, function and floristic relationships of plant communities in stressful habitats marginal to the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest. Annals of Botany, 90(4), 517-524.
Shmida, A., & Whittaker, R.H. (1981). Pattern and biological microsite effects in two shrub communities, Southern California. Ecology, 62(1), 243-251.
Shumway, S.W. (2000). Facilitative effects of a sand dune shrub on species growing beneath the shrub canopy. Oecologia, 124(1), 138-148.
Silva, S.P.C., Izeckson, E., & Silva, A.M.P.T.C. (2000). Diversidade e ecologia de anfíbios em Restingas do sudeste brasileiro. In F.A. Esteves & I.D. Lacerda (Eds.), Ecologia de Restingas e lagoas costeiras (pp. 89-97). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: NUPEM/UFRJ.
Simonelli, M., & Fraga, C.N. (2007). Espécies da flora ameaçadas de extinção no estado do Espírito Santo. Vitória: Ipema.
Uhl, C., Clark, K., Dezzeo, N., & Maquirino, P. (1988). Vegetation dynamics in Amazonian treefall gaps. Ecology, 69(3), 751-763.
Zaluar, H.L.T., & Scarano, F.R. (2000). Facilitação em Restingas de moitas: um século de buscas por espécies focais. In F.A. Esteves & I.D. Lacerda (Eds.), Ecologia de Restingas e lagoas costeiras (pp. 3-23). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: NUPEM/UFRJ.
Yarranton, G.A., & Morrison, R.G. (1974). Spatial dynamics of a primary succession: nucleation. Journal of Ecology, 62(2), 417-428.
Comments
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2020 Fernando Campanhã Bechara, Lívia Zocatelli Salvador, Raquel Almeida Ventura, Larissa Regina Topanotti, Dionatan Gerber, Izaclaudia Santana da Cruz, Marcelo Simonelli