Supplementary Files
Keywords
NDM/VNDM
endemicity analysis
biogeographic subprovince
Páramo
área de endemismo
NDM/VNDM
análisis de endemicidad
subprovincia biogeográfica
Páramo
How to Cite
Abstract
Introduction: Páramo has been defined from various points of view, which take into account different factors that are easy to recognize or measure, nevertheless at the biogeographic level it has been evaluated with criticized methods used to identify historical units. The analysis of endemicity, despite its importance and wide recognition, has not been used as a tool to evaluate Páramo. Objective: Determine whether the neotropical Páramo is one or several biogeographic units. Methods: We included distributional records from Aves, Amphibia, Mammalia, Reptilia, Marchantiophyta, and Spermatophyta. We found 7 025 species with 193 250 suitable occurrences obtained from the GBIF. We used each taxonomic group as an independent partition or as a component of a larger partition, such as total plants (Plants-T: Marchantiophyta + Spermatophyta), or total animals (Animals-T: Aves + Amphibia + Mammalia + Reptilia), or total evidence (Plants-T + Animals-T). In order to identify areas of endemism, we used the optimality criterion (NDM/VNDM) with grids of 0.5° or 0.25°. We calculated the intersection among polygons of previous Páramo definitions and the areas recovered in our analyses. Results: Both grid sizes, 0.25° and 0.5°, identified areas of endemism in different sectors along the Andean and Central American cordilleras, but only the 0.25° size allowed us to recognize areas/sectors with a higher resolution. We recovered eight areas, which were considered as subprovinces (Santa Marta-Perijá, Mérida, Santanderes-Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Central-Western Cordillera, Northern Ecuador, Central-South Ecuador, and Talamanca). These areas were between 4 and 66 % consistent with previous definitions. Conclusions: Páramo has been considered a single biogeographic unit, however, given our analyses we identified it as a unit composed of eight biogeographic subprovinces, which is consistent with some published studies.
References
Aagesen, L., Szumik, C., & Goloboff, P. (2013). Consensus in the search for areas of endemism. Journal of Biogeography, 40(11), 2011-2016.
Aagesen, L., Szumik, C., Zuloaga, F.O., & Morrone, J. (2009). Quantitative biogeography in the South America highlands-recognizing the Altoandina, Puna and Prepuna through the study of Poaceae. Cladistics, 25(3), 295-310.
Alvez-Valles, C.M., Balslev, H., Carvalho, F.A., Garcia-Villacorta, R., Grandez, C., & Neto, L.M. (2018). Endemism and conservation of Amazon palms. Biodiversity and Conservation, 27(3), 765-784.
Antonelli, A., Condamine, F.L., Hettling, H., Nilsson, K., Nilsson, R.H., Oxelman, B., . . . Silvestro, D. (2014). SUPERSMART: ecology and evolution in the era of big data. PeerJ PrePrints, 2:e501v1.
Benham, P.M., Cuervo, A.M., McGuire, J.A., & Witt, C.C. (2015). Biogeography of the Andean metaltail hummingbirds: contrasting evolutionary histories of tree line and habitat-generalist clades. Journal of Biogeography, 42(4), 763-777.
Bivand, R., Rundel, C., Pebesma, E., Stuetz, R., & Hufthammer, K. (2016). Rgeos: interface to geometry engine-open source (GEOS) [Software]. Disponible en https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rgeos
Brack, A., & Mendiola, C. (2000). Ecología del Perú. Lima: Editorial Bruño.
Buytaert, W., Iniguez, V., & De Bievre, B. (2007). The effects of afforestation and cultivation on water yield in the andean páramo. Forest Ecology and Management, 251(1-2), 22-30.
Cabrera, A., & Willink, A. (1980). Biogeografía de América Latina. Washington, DC: Organización de los Estados Americanos.
Casagranda, D., Roig-Juñent, S., & Szumik, C. (2009). Endemismo a diferentes escalas espaciales: un ejemplo con Carabidae (Coleoptera: Insecta) de América del Sur austral. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 82(1), 17-42.
Casagranda, M.D., Taher, L., & Szumik, C.A. (2012). Endemicity analysis, parsimony and biotic elements: a formal comparison using hypothetical distributions. Cladistics, 28(6), 645-654.
Chapman, A. (2005). Uses of the primary species occurrence data, version 1.0. Report for the global biodiversity information facility, Copenhagen.
Cleef, A., & Chaverri, A. (1992). Phytogeography of the páramo flora of Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica. In H. Balslev & J. Luteyn (Eds.), Páramo: An Andean ecosystem under human influence (pp. 45-60). London: Academic Press.
Cortés-Duque, J., & Sarmiento Pinzón, C.E. (2017). Visión socioecosistémica de los páramos y la alta montaña colombiana. Memorias del proceso de definición de criterios para la delimitación de páramos. Bogotá: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt.
Cuatrecasas, J. (1958). Aspectos de la vegetación natural de Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 10(40), 221-268.
De Mera, A.G., Vega, I.S., Quino, J.M., Perea, E.L., De La Cruz, J.C., & Orellana, J.A.V. (2017). La vegetación del norte del Perú: De los bosques a la Jalca en Cajamarca. Acta Botánica Malacitana, 40(1), 157-190.
Deo, A.J., & De Salle, R. (2006). Nested areas of endemism analysis. Journal of Biogeography, 33(9), 1511-1526.
Diazgranados, M., & Barber, J.C. (2017). Geography shapes the phylogeny of frailejones (Espeletiinae Cuatrec., Asteraceae): a remarkable example of recent rapid radiation in sky islands. PeerJ, 5,e2968.
Dos Santos, D.A., Fernández, H.R., Cuezzo, M.G., & Dominguez, E. (2008). Sympatry inference and network analysis in biogeography. Systematic Biology, 57(3), 432-448.
Ebach, M.C., Morrone, J.J., Parenti, L.R., & Viloria, A.L. (2008). International code of area nomenclature. Journal of Biogeography, 35(7), 1153-1157.
Escalante, T. (2009). Un ensayo sobre regionalización biogeográfica. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 80(2), 551-560.
Escalante, T. (2011). De cómo el análisis de parsimonia de endemismos (PAE) tampoco explica la selección natural. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 82(3), 1057-1059.
Escalante, T. (2015). Parsimony analysis of endemicity and analysis of endemicity: A fair comparison. Systematics and Biodiversity, 13(5), 413-418.
Escalante, T., Rodríguez-Tapia, G., Szumik, C., Morrone, J.J., & Rivas, M. (2010). Delimitation of the Nearctic region according to mammalian distributional patterns. Journal of Mammalogy, 91(6), 1381-1388.
Flantua, SG., & Hooghiemstra, H. (2018). Historical connectivity and mountain biodiversity. In C. Hoorn, A. Perrigo, & A. Antonelli (Eds.), Mountains, climate and biodiversity (pp. 171-185). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Flantua, S.G., O’dea, A., Onstein, R.E., Giraldo, C., & Hooghiemstra, H. (2019). The flickering connectivity system of the north Andean páramos. Journal of Biogeography, 46(8), 1808-1825.
García-Roselló, E., Guisande, C., Manjarrés-Hernández, A., González-Dacosta, J., Heine, J., Pelayo-Villamil, P., . . . Granado-Lorencio, C. (2015). Can we derive macroecological patterns from primary Global Biodiversity Information Facility data? Global Ecology and Biogeography, 24(3), 335-347.
Garzón-Orduña, I.J., Miranda-Esquivel, D.R., & Donato, M. (2008). Parsimony analysis of endemicity describes but does not explain: an illustrated critique. Journal of Biogeography, 35(5), 903-913.
Giokas, S., & Sfenthourakis, S. (2008). An improved method for the identification of areas of endemism using species co-occurrences. Journal of Biogeography, 35(5), 893-902.
Goloboff, P. (2005). Programs for identification of areas of endemism [Software]. Disponible en https://www.lillo.org.ar/phylogeny/endemism
Gonzalez-Duran, G.A. (2016). A new small frog species of the genus Pristimantis (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the northern paramos of Colombia. Zootaxa, 4066(4), 421-437.
Guhl, E. (1982). Los páramos circundantes de la sabana de Bogotá. Bogotá: Jardín Botánico de Bogotá José Celestino Mutis.
Harold, A.S., & Mooi, R.D. (1994). Areas of endemism: definition and recognition criteria. Systematic Biology, 43(2), 261-266.
Hazzi, N.A., Moreno, J.S., Ortiz-Movliav, C., & Palacio, R.D. (2018). Biogeographic regions and events of isolation and diversification of the endemic biota of the tropical Andes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(31), 7985-7990.
Hernández-Camacho, J., Hurtado, A., Ortiz, R., & Walschburger, T. (1992). Unidades biogeográficas de Colombia. En G. Halffter (Ed.), La diversidad biológica de Iberoamérica (pp. 105-151). Xalapa, México: Instituto de Ecología, A.C.
Hofstede, R., Calles, J., López, V., Polanco, R., Torres, F., Ulloa, J., . . . Cerra, M. (2014). Los Páramos Andinos ¿Qué sabemos? Estado de conocimiento sobre el impacto del cambio climático en el ecosistema páramo. Quito: UICN.
Hofstede, R., Segarra, P., & Vásconez, P.M. (2003). Los páramos del mundo: Proyecto Atlas Mundial de los Páramos. Quito: Ecociencia.
Jiménez-Rivillas, C., García, J.J., Quijano-Abril, M.A., Daza, J.M., & Morrone, J.J. (2018). A new biogeographical regionalisation of the Páramo biogeographic province. Australian Systematic Botany, 31(4), 296-310.
Jørgensen, P., & Ulloa, C. (1994). Seed plants of the high Andes of Ecuador: A checklist. Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus University Press.
Kells, S.S., & Worswick, C. (1997). An introduction to the IBIS database. Parkville: Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research.
Linder, H. (2001). On areas of endemism, with an example from the African Restionaceae. Systematic Biology, 50(6), 892-912.
Londoño, C., Cleef, A., & Madriñán, S. (2014). Angiosperm flora and biogeography of the páramo region of Colombia, Northern Andes. Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 209(2), 81-87.
Lowe, S., Browne, M., Boudjelas, S., & DePoorter, M. (2000). 100 of the world’s worst invasive alien species: a selection from the global invasive species database. Auckland, New Zealand: Invasive Species Specialist Group Auckland.
Luteyn, J.L. (1999). Páramos: A Checklist of Plant Diversity, Geographical Distribution, and Botanical Literature. New York, NY: The New York Botanical Garden Press.
Luteyn, J.L., & Balslev, H. (1992). Páramo: an Andean ecosystem under human influence. London, UK: Academic Press.
Madriñán, S., Cortés, A.J., & Richardson, J.E. (2013). Páramo is the world’s fastest evolving and coolest biodiversity hotspot. Frontiers in Genetics, 4, 192.
Maldonado, C., Molina, C.I., Zizka, A., Persson, C., Taylor, C.M., Albán, J., . . . Antonelli, A. (2015). Estimating species diversity and distribution in the era of Big Data: to what extent can we trust public databases? Global Ecology and Biogeography, 24(8), 973-984.
Martínez-Hernández, F., Mendoza-Fernández, A., Pérez-García, F., Martínez-Nieto, M., Garrido-Becerra, J., Salmerón-Sánchez, E., . . . Mota, J. (2015). Areas of endemism as a conservation criterion for Iberian gypsophilous flora: a multi-scale test using the NDM/VNDM program. Plant Biosystems, 149(3), 483-493.
Mast, A.R., & Nyffeler, R. (2003). Using a null model to recognize significant co-occurrence prior to identifying candidate areas of endemism. Systematic Biology, 52(2),271-280.
Monasterio, M. (1980). Los páramos andinos como región natural. Características biogeográficas generales y afinidades con otras regiones andinas. In M. Monasterio (Ed.), Estudios ecológicos en los páramos andinos (pp. 15-27). Bogotá: Ediciones Universidad de Los Andes.
Morales-Rivas, M., Otero Garcia, J., Van der Hammen, T., Torres Perdigón, A., Cadena Vargas, C.E., Pedraza Peñaloza, C.A., . . . Olaya Ospina, É. (2007). Atlas de páramos de Colombia. Bogotá: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt.
Morrone, J.J. (1994). On the identification of areas of endemism. Systematic Biology, 43(3), 438-441.
Morrone, J.J. (2001). Biogeografía de América Latina y el Caribe. Zaragoza, España: Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa.
Morrone, J.J. (2014). Biogeographical regionalisation of the neotropical region. Zootaxa, 3782(1), 1-110.
Morrone, J.J. (2017). Neotropical Biogeography: Regionalization and Evolution. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Noguera-Urbano, E. (2017). El endemismo: diferenciación del término, métodos y aplicaciones. Acta Zoológica Mexicana, 33(1),89-107.
Oliveira, U., Brescovit, A.D., & Santos, A. (2015). Delimiting Areas of Endemism through Kernel Interpolation. PLOS ONE, 10(1), e0116673.
Platnick, N. (1991). On areas of endemism. Australian Systematic Botany, 4(1), 11-12.
QGIS Development Team (2019). QGIS Geographic Information System [computer software]. Chicago: Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project.
Quintero, E., Ribas, C.C., & Cracraft, J. (2012). The Andean Hapalopsittaca parrots (Psittacidae, Aves): an example of montane-tropical lowland vicariance. Zoologica Scripta, 42(1), 28-43.
RAE (2014). Diccionario de la lengua española (23ra ed.). Madrid, España: Real Academia Española.
Rangel, J.O. (2000). Colombia. Diversidad biótica III: La región de vida paramuna. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Romero-Alarcon, L.V., & Miranda-Esquivel, D.R. (2015). biogeoclean: An R package to cleaning geographical data from electronic biodatabases (Version 3.4.0) [Software]. Disponible en https://github.com/alarconvv/biogeoclean
Romero-Alarcon, L.V. (2016). Patrón panbiogeográfico de la Provincia Chocó (Tesis de Pregrado). Universidad Industrial de Santander, Santander, Colombia.
Rosen, B.R., & Smith, A.B. (1988). Tectonics from fossils? Analysis of reef-coral and sea-urchin distributions from late Cretaceous to Recent, using a new method. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 37(1), 275-306.
Sánchez, I.E., Garcia-Cruz, J., Espejo-Serna, A., & Lopez-Ortega, G. (2019). Identification of areas of endemism in the Mexican cloud forests based on the distribution of endemic epiphytic bromeliads and orchids. Phytotaxa, 397(2), 129-145.
Sarmiento, C., Cadena, C., Sarmiento, M., Zapata, J., & León, O. (2013). Aportes a la conservación estratégica de los páramos de Colombia: actualización de la cartografía de los complejos de páramo a escala 1:100.000. Bogotá: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt.
Shaw, C.A. (2004). ITIS (The Integrated Taxonomic Information System) [On-line database]. Retrieved from https://www.itis.gov
Szumik, C., Aagesen, L., Casagranda, D., Arzamendia, V., Baldo, D., Claps, L.E., . . . Giraudo, A. (2012). Detecting areas of endemism with a taxonomically diverse data set: plants, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and insects from Argentina. Cladistics, 28(3), 317-329.
Szumik, C.A., Cuezzo, F., Goloboff, P.A., & Chalup, A.E. (2002). An optimality criterion to determine areas of endemism. Systematic Biology, 51(5), 806-816.
Szumik, C.A., & Goloboff, P.A. (2004). Areas of endemism: an improved optimality criterion. Systematic Biology, 53(6), 968-977.
Telenius, A. (2011). Biodiversity information goes public: GBIF at your service. Nordic Journal of Botany, 29(3), 378-381.
Tropicos (2018). Missouri Botanical Garden [On-line database]. Disponible en https://www.tropicos.org
Van der Hammen, T. (1974). The pleistocene changes of vegetation and climate in tropical South America. Journal of Biogeography, 1(1), 3-26.
Van der Hammen, T. (1997). Ecosistemas terrestres-páramos. En M. Chavez & N. Arango (Eds.), Informe Nacional sobre el Estado de la Biodiversidad (pp. 10-37). Bogotá: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt.
Van der Hammen, T., & Cleef, A.M. (1986). Development of the high andean páramo flora and vegetation. In F. Vuilleumier & M. Monasterio (Eds.), High altitude tropical biogeography (pp. 153-201). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Van der Hammen, T., & González, E. (1963). Historia de clima y vegetación del Pleistoceno Superior y del Holoceno de la Sabana de Bogotá. Boletín Geológico, 11(1-3),189-266.
Vargas, O., & Pedraza, P. (2004). Parque Nacional Natural Chingaza. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Vuilleumier, F., & Monasterio, M. (1986). High altitude tropical biogeography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wijninga, V. (1996). Palynology and paleobotany of Neogene sediments from the high plain of Bogotá (Colombia): evolution of the Andean flora from an ecological perspective (PhD Thesis). University of Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Zhuang, H., Yago, M., Settele, J., Li, X., Ueshima, R., Grishin, N.V., & Wang, M. (2018). Species richness of Eurasian Zephyrus hairstreaks (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclini) with implications on historical biogeography: An NDM/VNDM approach. PLOS ONE, 13(1), e0191049.
Zizka, A., Silvestro, D., Andermann, T., Azevedo, J., DuarteRitter, C., Edler, D., . . . Antonelli, A. (2019). CoordinateCleaner: Standardized cleaning of occurrence records from biological collection databases. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 10(5), 744-751.
Zunino, M., & Zullini, A. (2003). Biogeografía: la dimensión espacial de la evolución. México, DF: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Comments
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2020 Daniel Rafael Miranda-Esquivel, Leidy Viviana Romero-Alarcon, Ms., Carlos Diaz