Keywords
Mioceno, análisis multivariado, Chiapas, Colima, México.
How to Cite
Abstract
Introduction: The genus Agassizia in Mexico is represented both in the fossil record with the species Agassizia regia† during the Miocene of Chiapas and in the extant species Agassizia excentrica on the Atlantic coast and Agassizia scrobiculata on the Pacific coast. Qualitative diagnosis and descriptions make it hard to distinguish morphological boundaries between species, especially in groups with fossils and recent representatives, increasing the level of complexity by having samples of disparate qualities and quantities.
Objective: We propose the use of little explored statistical methods in the comparison of paleontological and biological populations. This methodology allowed us to resolve issues of missing values in a morphometric data set for the genus Agassizia.
Methods: Using samples recently collected and specimens already housed in collections, we explore a routine of recovery of missing data MICE and the numerical and graphic analyses PERMANOVA, PCA, and SIMPER to compare morphometric parameters between these species for recognizing diagnostic characters.
Results: Our results show a clear morphological difference in the length of the ambulacrum II and the length and width of the periproct and peristome structures, these being greater in A. scrobiculata, with a consistent pattern in both population samples not previously described.
Conclusions: Quantitative morphometric comparisons can be an assertive and complementary tool to determine distinctive differentiation characteristics in species of the same genus. Comparative morphology reviews should be an ongoing exercise to keep taxonomic knowledge on both extinct and extant species up to date. Our research encourage the scientific community studying fossil populations to utilize quantitative and multivariate methods to strengthen their investigations.
References
Acuña, E., & Rodríguez, C. (2004). The treatment of missing values and its effect on classifier accuracy. In D. Banks, F. R. McMorris, P. Arabie & W. Gaul (Eds.), Classification, Clustering, and Data Mining Applications: Proceedings of the Meeting of the International Federation of Classification Societies (IFCS) (pp. 639–647). Illinois Institute of Technology & Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17103-1_60
Agassiz, A. (1869). Preliminary report on the echini and starfishes dredged in deep water between Cuba and the Florida Reef, by L. F. de Pourtalès, Assist. U.S. Coast Survey. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard College, 1(9), 253–308.
Agassiz, L. (1840). Catalogus Systematicus Ectyporum Echinodermatum fossilium Musei Neocomiensis, secundum ordinem zoologicum dispositus; adjectis synonymis recentioribus, nec non stratis et locis in quibus reperiuntur. Sequuntur characters diagnostic generum novorum vel minus cognitorum. Musée d’Histoire Naturelle (Neuchâtel, Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8820
Agassiz, L., & Desor, P. J. E. (1847). Catalogue raisonné des familles, des genres, et des espèces de la classe des echinodermes. Annales des sciences naturelles, Troisième Série, Zoologie, 6, 305–374. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.1833
Alvarado-Ortega, J., Cuevas-García, M., & Cantalice, K. (2018). The fossil fishes of the archaeological site of Palenque, Chiapas, southeastern Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 17, 462–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.11.029
Caballero-Ochoa, A. A., Buitrón-Sánchez, B. E., Conejeros-Vargas, C. A., Esteban-Vázquez, B. L., Ruiz-Nava, M. P., Jiménez-López, J. C., Solís-Marín, F. A., & Laguarda-Figueras, A. (2021). Morphological variability of recent species of the order Cassiduloida (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) of Mexico. Revista de Biología Tropical, 69(S1), S423–S437. https://doi.org/rbt.v69iSuppl.1.46382
Ciampaglio, C. N., & D’Orazio, A. E. (2007). Heterochrony within the cassiduloid echinoids from the Castle Hayne Limestone of Southeastern North Carolina. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, 19(4), 301–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912960701322518
Clarke, K. R., & Gorley, R. N. (2005). PRIMER: Getting started with v6 [Computer software]. PRIMER-E Ltd.
Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas. (2008). Programa de Manejo Santuario Islas La Pajarera, Cocinas, Mamut, Colorada, San Pedro, San Agustín, San Andrés y Negrita, y los Islotes Los Anegados, Novillas, Mosca y Submarino situadas en la Bahía de Chamela, México. CONANP & Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT).
Coppard S. E. & Campbell A. C. (2006). Taxonomic significance of test morphology in the echinoid genera Diadema Gray, 1825 and Echinothrix Peters, 1853 (Echinodermata). Zoosystema, 28(1), 93–112.
Cotteau, G. H. (1875). Description des Echinides Tertiaires des îles St. Barthelemy et Anguilla. PA Norstedt and Söner.
Deli, T., Mohamed, A. B., Attia, M. H. B., Zitari-Chatti, R., Said, K., & Chatti, N. (2019). High genetic connectivity among morphologically differentiated populations of the black sea urchin Arbacia lixula (Echinoidea: Arbacioida) across the central African Mediterranean coast. Marine Biodiversity, 49, 603–620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0832-y
Dos Santos-Alitto, R. A., Zacagnini-Amar, A. C., Días-de Oliveira, L., Serrano, H., Seger, K. R., Borges-Guilherme, P. D., Di Domenico, M., Christensen, A. B., Bolsoni-Lourenco, L., Tavares M., & Borges, M. (2019). Atlantic West Ophiothrix spp. in the scope of integrative taxonomy: Confirming the existence of Ophiothrix trindadensis Tommasi, 1970. PLoS One, 14(1), e0210331. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210331
Gabino-García, M. T., Villanueva-Sousa, V., & Ramírez-Villalobos, Á. J. (2021). Lista actualizada de los Equinodermos del Golfo de México. Revista de Zoología, 32, 19–90.
Galván-Villa, C. M., Rubio-Barbosa, E., & Martínez-Melo, A. (2018). Riqueza y distribución de equinoideos irregulares (Echinoidea: Cassiduloida, Clypeasteroida, Holasteroida y Spatangoida) del Pacífico central mexicano. Hidrobiológica, 28(1), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.24275/uam/izt/dcbs/hidro/2018v28n1/Galvan
Gray, J. E. (1851). Description of two new genera and some new species of Scutellidae and Echinolampidae in the Collection of the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London 19, 34–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1851.tb01127.x.
Greenstein, B. J. (1993). Is the fossil record of regular echinoids so poor?: A comparison of living and subfossil assemblages. Palaios, 8, 587–601. https://doi.org/10.2307/3515034
Humara-Gil, K. J., Granja-Fernández, R., Bautista-Guerrero, E., & Rodríguez-Troncoso, A. P. (2022). Overlooked for over a century: Ophioderma occultum sp. nov. (Echinodermata), a new species of brittle star from the Eastern Pacific. Journal of Natural History, 56(5–8), 365–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2071179
Israelsky, M. C. (1924). Notes on some echinoids from the San Rafael and Tuxpan beds of the Tampico region, Mexico. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences: 4th series, 13, 137–145.
Kier, P. M. (1977). The poor fossil record of the regular echinoid. Paleobiology, 3, 168–174. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0094837300005248
Kroh, A. (2020). Phylogeny and classification of echinoids. In J. M. Lawrence (Ed.), Sea urchins: Biology and Ecology (Vol. 43, pp. 1–17). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819570-3.00001-9
Kroh, A., & Mooi, R. (2019). WoRMS Echinoidea: World Echinoidea Database (version 2019-03-05). In Y. Roskov, G. Ower, T. Orrell, D. Nicolson, N. Bailly, P. M. Kirk, T. Bourgoin, R. E. DeWalt, W. Decock, E. van Nieukerken, J. Zarucchi & L. Penev (Eds.), Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 2019 Annual Checklist. Species 2000. www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019.
Kroh, A. & Mooi, R. (2022). World Echinoidea Database. Agassizia cyrenaica pseudoclevei Desio, 1929†. World Register of Marine Species. https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=757598 on 2023-05-31.
Lambert, J. (1905). Catalogue descriptif des fossiles nummulitiques de l’Aude et de l’Hérault. Annales de l’Université de Lyon, Nouvelle Série, I. Sciences, Medecine, 17, 129–164.
Lefebvre, B., Eble, G. J., Navarro, N., & David, B. (2006). Diversification of atypical Paleozoic echinoderms: a quantitative survey of patterns of stylophoran disparity, diversity, and geography. Paleobiology, 32(3), 483–508. https://doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2006)32[483:DOAPEA]2.0.CO;2
Lin, W. C., & Tsai, C. F. (2020). Missing value imputation: a review and analysis of the literature (2006–2017). Artificial Intelligence Review, 53, 1487–1509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-019-09709-4
Lütken, C. F. (1864). Bidrag til Kundskab om Echiniderne. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjöbenhavn, 1863, 69–207.
Maluf, L. Y. (1988). Composition and distribution of the Central Eastern Pacific Echinoderms [Technical Report, Vol. 2]. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.
Mancosu, A., & Nebelsick, J. H. (2019). Paleoecology of sublittoral Miocene echinoids from Sardinia: A case study for substrate controls of faunal distributions. Journal of Paleontology, 93(4), 764–784. https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2019.4
Martínez-Melo, A. (2019). Miocene echinoids from Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 95, 102258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102258
Martínez-Melo, A., Solís-Marín, F. A., Buitrón-Sánchez, B. E., & Laguarda-Figueras, A. (2015). Taxonomía y biogeografía ecológica de los equinoideos irregulares (Echinoidea: Irregularia) de México. Revista de Biología Tropical, 63(S2), 59–75. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v63i2.23129
Martínez-Ortiz, A. C., Alvarado-Ortega, J., & Cuevas-García, M. (2017). Ocurrencia de un decápodo braquiuro extinto, Necronectes proavitus (Rathbun, 1918), en los yacimientos marinos de la Formación Tulijá (Mioceno temprano) en las cercanías de Palenque, Chiapas, sureste de México. Paleontología Mexicana, 6(1), 1–15.
McNamara, K. J. (1989). The role of heterochrony in the evolution of spatangoid echinoids. Geobios, 22, 283–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-6995(89)80029-4
Meneses-Rocha, J. J. (2001). Tectonic evolution of the Ixtapa Graben, an example of a strike-slip basin of Southeastern Mexico: implications for regional petroleum systems. In C. Bartolini, R. T. Buffler & A. Cantu-Chapa (Eds.), The Western Gulf of Mexico Basin: Tectonics, sedimentary basins, and petroleum systems (pp. 183–216). The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. https://doi.org/10.1306/M75768C8
Mongiardino-Koch, N., & Thompson, J. R. (2021). A total-evidence dated phylogeny of Echinoidea combining phylogenomic and paleontological data. Systematic Biology, 70(3), 421–439. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syaa069
Mortensen, T. (1951). A Monograph of the Echinoidea, Vol. 2 Spatangoida. II. Amphisternata. II. Spatangidae, Loveniidiae, Pericosmidae, Schizasteridae, Brissidae-Atlas. CA Reitzel.
Nebelsick, J. H. (1996). Biodiversity of shallow-water red sea echinoids: implications for the fossil record. Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 76(1), 185–194. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400029118
Nethupul, H., Stöhr, S., & Zhang, H. (2022). New species, redescriptions, and new records of deep-sea brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the South China Sea, an integrated morphological and molecular approach. European Journal of Taxonomy, 810, 1–95. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.810.1723
Raghunathan, T. E., Lepkowski, J. M., Van Hoewyk, J., & Solenberger, P. (2001). A multivariate technique for multiply imputing missing values using a sequence of regression models. Survey methodology, 27, 85–96. https://doi.org/10.7550/rmb.30461
Ríos-Jara, E., Galván-Villa, C. M., Rodríguez-Zaragoza, F. A., López-Uriarte, E., Bastida-Izaguirre, D., & Solís-Marín, F. A. (2013). Los equinodermos (Echinodermata) de bahía Chamela, Jalisco, México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 84(1), 26–279. https://doi.org/10.7550/rmb.30461
Riquelme, F., Alvarado-Ortega, J., Cuevas-García, M., Ruvalcaba-Sil, J.L., & Linares-López, C. (2012). Calcareous fossil inclusions and rock-source of Mayan lime plaster from the temple of the inscriptions, Palenque, Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39, 624–639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.10.022
Smith, A. B. (1984). Echinoid Palaeobiology. George Allen and Unwin Limited.
Smith, A. B., & Kroh, A. (2011). The Echinoid Directory. Natural History Museum of London. https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/echinoid-directory/index.html
Solís-Marín, F. A., Honey-Escandón, M. B., Herrero-Perezrul, M. D., Benitez-Villalobos, F., Díaz-Martínez, J. P., Buitrón-Sánchez, B. E., Palleiro-Nayar, J. S., & Durán-González, A. (2013). The echinoderms of Mexico: biodiversity, distribution and current state of knowledge. In J. J. Alvarado & F. A. Solis-Marin (Eds.), Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America (pp. 11–65). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20051-9_2
Sotelo-Casas, R. C., Rodríguez-Troncoso, A. P., Rodríguez-Zaragoza, F. A., Solís-Marín, F. A., Godínez-Domínguez, E., & Cupul-Magaña, A. L. (2019). Spatial-temporal variations in echinoderm diversity within coral communities in a transitional region of the northeast of the eastern pacific. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 227, 106346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2019.106346
Stara, P., Melis, R., Bellodi, A., Follesa, M. C., Corradini, C., Carugati, L., Mulas, A., Sibiriu, M., & Cannas, R. (2023). New insights on the systematics of echinoids belonging to the family Spatangidae Gray, 1825 using a combined approach based on morphology, morphometry, and genetics. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, 1033710. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1033710
Steneck, R. S. (2020). Regular sea urchins as drivers of shallow benthic marine community structure. In J. M. Lawrence (Ed.), Sea Urchins: Biology and Ecology (pp. 255–279), Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819570-3.00015-9
Stuart, E. A., Azur, M., Frangakis, C., & Leaf, P. (2009). Multiple imputation with large data sets: a case study of the Children’s Mental Health Initiative. American Journal of Epidemiology, 169(9), 1133–1139. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp026
Tapia-Ramírez, V. (2012). Revisión taxonómica de equinoideos (Echinodermata:Echinoidea) del Golfo de California, México. [Unpublished Bachelor’s thesis]. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Ter Braak, C. J. F., & Smilauer, P. (2002). Canoco 4.5: reference manual and Canodraw for Windows. User’s Guide: Software form canonical community ordination (version 4.5)[Computer software]. Microcomputer Power.
Van Buuren, S., & Groothuis-Oudshoorn, K. (2011). MICE: Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R. Journal of Statistical Software, 45(3), 1–67. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v045.i03
Velasquillo-García, G. E. (2011). Ostras fósiles de Palenque: Estado de México. [Bachelor’s thesis, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]. Repositorio Institucional de la UNAM. https://repositorio.unam.mx/contenidos/186811
WoRMS Editorial Board (2023). World Register of Marine Species. Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee. https://www.marinespecies.org. https://doi.org/10.14284/170
Zar, J. H. (1999). Biostatistical analysis. Prentice Hall.
Comments
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.