Water- the forgotten nutrient: revisiting its role in health and disease
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15517/2e7ghf41Keywords:
drinking, thirst, essential nutrients, healthAbstract
INTRODUCTION: Water intake has arguably been one of the least-studied topics in nutrition science and is often described as the ‘forgotten nutrient’. Despite its importance, it has been largely overlooked in dietary guidance. DEVELOPMENT: A Recommended Dietary Allowance for water has yet to be established. Adequate Intake guidelines of 3.7 and 2.7 L of water per day have been suggested for sedentary adult men and women (> 18 y), respectively. Even though these values are based on population consumption data, they are also supported by recent scientific evidence. Body fluid balance is regulated by fluid balance homeostatic mechanisms. Arginine vasopressin (AVP; also known as anti-diuretic hormone) is regulated by osmoreceptors and baroreceptors and among many functions, it mainly reduces urinary output. It has been suggested that thirst might be an adequate signal for water intake when the body is in a deficit. However, inadequate water intake and underhydration can occur in the absence of thirst. There are many deleterious health effects related to elevated AVP and underhydration. Low water intake and elevated AVP significantly and negatively impact cardiovascular health, mood, kidney function, glucose regulation, chronic disease development, accelerated aging, and increased mortality. Water intake is particularly important during physical activity, especially in warm environments. Replacing fluids lost through sweating is essential for maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance during thermoregulation. CONCLUSION: Increasing water consumption through palatable non-sugar-sweetened beverages represents a simple, cost-effective strategy with the potential to produce sustained improvements in population health.
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