El agua, el nutriente olvidado: revisión de su papel en la salud y la enfermedad
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15517/2e7ghf41Palabras clave:
beber, sed, nutrientes esenciales, saludResumen
INTRODUCCIÓN: Se ha demostrado que la ingestión de agua ha sido uno de los temas menos estudiados en la ciencia de la nutrición, y con frecuencia se la describe como el “nutriente olvidado”. A pesar de su importancia, en general ha sido pasada por alto en la orientación dietética. DESARROLLO: Todavía no se ha establecido una cantidad dietética recomendada (CDR) para el agua. Se han sugerido los parámetros de Ingesta Adecuada (IA) de 3.7 y 2.7 L de agua por día para hombres y mujeres adultos sedentarios (> 18 años), respectivamente. Si bien esos valores se basan en datos de consumo de la población, también son respaldados por evidencias científicas recientes. El equilibrio de fluidos corporales es regulado por mecanismos homeostáticos de equilibrio de fluidos. La vasopresina arginina (AVP, conocida también como hormona antidiurética) es regulada por osmorreceptores y barorreceptores y, entre muchas funciones, reduce principalmente la producción de orina. Se ha sugerido que la sed podría ser una señal adecuada para la ingestión de agua cuando el cuerpo está en déficit. Sin embargo, la ingestión insuficiente de agua y la subhidratación pueden darse en ausencia de sed. Hay muchos efectos deletéreos para la salud relacionados con la AVP elevada y la subhidratación. La baja ingestión de agua y la AVP elevada causan impactos significativos y negativos en la salud cardiovascular, el estado de ánimo, la función renal, la regulación de la glucosa, el desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas, el envejecimiento acelerado y el incremento en la mortalidad. La ingestión de agua es particularmente importante durante la actividad física, especialmente en ambientes cálidos. El reemplazo de los fluidos perdidos al sudar es esencial para mantener el equilibrio de ellos y de los electrolitos durante la termorregulación. CONCLUSIÓN: Aumentar el consumo de agua mediante bebidas sabrosas no azucaradas constituye una estrategia sencilla y económica con el potencial de producir mejoras sostenidas en la salud de la población.
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