Palavras-chave
life satisfaction
aging
elders
wellbeing
espiritualidad
adultos mayores
satisfacción con la vida
bienestar
envejecimiento
espiritualidade
idosos
satisfação com a vida
bem-estar
envelhecimento
Como Citar
Resumo
Objetivo: Apresentar evidências de validade do Índice de Espiritualidade para idosos em uma amostra costa-riquenha. Método: Os dados foram coletados na Grande Área Metropolitana entre 2015 e 2016, com 282 participantes (Média = 64, Desvio Padrão = 7,55). Resultados: Uma Análise Fatorial Confirmatória forneceu evidências de validade, determinando a unidimensionalidade da medida (χ2 = 21,03, gl = 9, p = 0,001). O alfa de Cronbach foi adequado (0,91), encontrando evidências de validade com a Escala de Satisfação Temporal com a Vida (r = 0,263, p = 0,001) e com a Escala de Bem-Estar Psicológico (r = 0,173, p = 0,0). O Índice de Espiritualidade para idosos se mostrou um bom indicador para mensurar a espiritualidade em idosos costa-riquenhos.
Referências
Abid, S., Bajwa, R. S., & Ajmal, A. (2020). Social support, spiritual well-being and life satisfaction of cancer patients. Journal of Pakistan Psychiatric Society, 17(3), 24-27. https://www.jpps.pk/index.php/journal/article/view/55
Akyurek, G., Efe, A., & Aki, E. (2019). Psychometric properties of the temporal satisfaction with life scale among Turkish people. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 29(2), 204-211. https://doi.org/10.1080/24750573.2018.1445898
Ato, M., López, J., & Benavente, A. (2013). Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología. Anales de Psicología, 29(3), 1038-1059. https://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511
Aydın, A., Işık, A., & Kahraman, N. (2020). Mental health symptoms, spiritual well-being and meaning in life among older adults living in nursing homes and community dwellings. Psychogeriatrics: The Official Journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society, 20(6), 833-843. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12613
Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1993). Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation. In B. Baltes & M. M. Baltes (Eds.), Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences (pp. 1-34). Cambridge University Press.
Bengtson, V. L., Putney, N. M., & Harris, S. (2013). Families and faith: How religion is passed down across generations. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199948659.001.0001
Blanco-Molina, M., Pinazo-Hernandis, S., & Tomás, J. M. (2019). Subjective well-being key elements of successful aging: A study with Costa Rican and Spanish older adults. Archives in Geriatrics and Gerontology, 85, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2019.06.002
Blanco-Molina, M., Pinazo-Hernandis, S., Montoro-Rodriguez, J., & Tomas, J. M. (2021). Testing a proactive model of successful aging among older adults in Costa Rica and Spain. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 93(1), 619-635. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415020974621
Blanco-Molina, M., Rojas-Castro, M., & Ortega-Moreno, R. (2023). Envejecimiento saludable: un primer acercamiento a la revisión de indicadores subjetivos de salud en zonas urbanas y rurales en Costa Rica. Interdisciplinaria. Revista de Psicología y Ciencias Afines, 40(2), 281-298. https://doi.org/10.16888/interd.2023.40.2.17
Blanco-Molina, M., & Salazar-Villanea, M. (2017). Predictores socio-emocionales y cognitivos: su papel en la comprensión del envejecimiento con éxito en el contexto costarricense. Universitas Psychologica, 16(1), 1-16. https://www.redalyc.org/journal/647/64750138003/html/
Bolaños, S. M., & Helo, G. F. (2015). Depresión en el adulto mayor costarricense y su relación con la autopercepción del estado de salud y desempeño funcional. Revista Clínica de la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad de Costa Rica, 5(4), 78-87. https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=61462
Brooks, F., Michaelson, V., King, N., Inchley, J., & Pickett, W. (2018). Spirituality as a protective health asset for young people: An international comparative analysis from three countries. International Journal of Public Health, 63(3), 387-395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-017-1070-6
Bożek, A., Nowak, P. F., & Blukacz, M. (2020). The relationship between spirituality, health-related behavior, and psychological well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(2), 267-280. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01997
Can Oz, Y., Duran, S., & Dogan, K. (2022). The meaning and role of spirituality for older adults: A qualitative study. Journal of religion and health, 61(2), 1490-1504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01258-x
Carrillo, A., Etchemendy, E., & Baños, R. M. (2021). Past, present, and future life satisfaction: The role of age, positive and negative mood. Current Psychology, 40, 629-638. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9981-9
Coleman, P., Schroder-Butterfill, E., & Spreadbury, J. (2016). Religion, spirituality and aging. In. V. L. Bengtson & R. Settersten (Eds.), Handbook of the Theories of Aging. Springer Publishing Co.
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe. (2018). Envejecimiento, personas mayores y Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible. Perspectiva regional y de derechos humanos. Organización de las Naciones Unidas. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/44369/1/S1800629_es.pdf
Consejo Nacional de la Persona Adulta Mayor, Universidad de Costa Rica, Centro Centroamericano de Población, & Programa Integral para la Atención de la Persona Adulta Mayor. (2020). II Informe estado de situación de la personas adulta mayor en Costa Rica. Centro Centroamericano de Población. https://piam.ucr.ac.cr/sites/default/files/documentos/Informe%20ESPAM%20II_.p
Costeau-Bărluțiu, C., Bălaș-Baconschi, A., & Hathazi, A. (2018). Romanian adaptation of the Ryff´s Psychological Well-Being scale: Brief report of the factor structure and psychometric properties. Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies, 18(1), 21-33. http://jebp.psychotherapy.ro/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/JEBP_18_1_2.pdf
Cowlishaw, S., Niele, S., Teshuva, K., Browning, C., & Kendig, H. (2013). Older adults' spirituality and life satisfaction: A longitudinal test of social support and sense of coherence as mediating mechanisms. Ageing & Society, 33(7), 1243-1262. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X12000633
Crowther, M. R., Parker, M. W., Achenbaum, W. A., Larimore, W. L., & Koenig, H. G. (2002). Rowe and Kahn’s model of successful aging revisited: Positive spirituality-The forgotten factor. The Gerontologist, 42, 613-620. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/42.5.613
Cruz-Muñoz, A., Jara-Madrigal, M., & Rivera-Mancipe, D. (2010). Estrategias de afrontamiento utilizadas por personas adultas mayores con trastornos depresivos. Anales en Gerontología, 6, 31-49. http://www.kerwa.ucr.ac.cr/bitstream/handle/10669/13359/8869-12832-1-PB.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Deb, S., Thomas, S., Bose, A., & Aswathi, T. (2020). Happiness, meaning, and satisfaction in life as perceived by Indian university students and their association with spirituality. Journal of Religion & Health, 59(5), 2469-2485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00806-w
Díaz, D., Rodríguez-Carvajal, R., Blanco, A., Moreno-Jiménez, B., Gallardo, I., Valle, C., & van Dierendonck, D. (2006). Adaptación española de las escalas de bienestar psicológico de Ryff. Psicothema, 18(3), 572-577. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17296089/
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of personality assessment, 49(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
Elham, H., Hazrati, M., Momennasab, M., & Sareh, K. (2015). The effect of need-based spiritual/religious intervention on spiritual well-being and anxiety of elderly people. Holistic Nursing Practice, 29(3), 136-143. https://doi.org/10.1097/HNP.0000000000000083
Erikson, J.M. (1997). Gerotranscendence. In E.H. Erikson, The Life Cycle Completed.
W.W. Norton. Ferrari, F., & Mancini, T. (2020). Gender binary thêmata in social representations of sexual minorities: A ten year scoping review. Sexuality & Culture, 24, 2202-2229. https://doi-org.ezproxy.cuc.edu.co/10.1007/s12119-020-09716-6
Fisher, J. (2010). Development and application of a Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire called SHALOM. Religions, 1, 105-121. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel1010105
Fortin, N., Helliwell, J. F., & Wang, S. (2015). How does subjective well-being vary around the world by gender and age? In J. F. Helliwell, R. Layard, & J. Sachs (Eds.), World happiness report (pp. 42-75). Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
González-Cantero, J. O., Hernández-Magaña, C. E., González-Becerra, V. H., & Abundis-Gutiérrez, A. (2021). Locus de control de la salud, actitud religiosa y espiritualidad en adultos mayores. Archivos de Medicina, 21(2), 446-458. https://doi.org/10.30554/archmed.21.2.4012.2021
Gonzáles-Rivera, J. A., Veray-Alicea, J., & Rosario-Rodríguez, A. (2017). Desarrollo, validación y descripción teórica de la escala de espiritualidad personal en una muestra de adultos en Puerto Rico. Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 28(2), 388-404. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2332/233256001009.pdf
Guitard, J., Jarden, A., Jarden, R., & Lajoie, D. (2022). An evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Temporal Satisfaction with Life Scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.795478
Hariharan, K., & Kapoor, R. (2020). Impact of practicing spirituality on psychological well-being. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(3), 252-257. https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/ijpp/article/view/207096
Hill, P. C., Pargament, K. I., Hood, R. W., McCullough, J. M. E., Swyers, J. P., Larson, D. B., & Zinnbauer, B. J. (2000). Conceptualizing religion and spirituality: Points of commonality, points of departure. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 30, 51-77. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00119
Hilton, J. M., Gonzalez, C. A., Saleh, M., Maitoza, R., & Anngela-Cole, L. (2012). Perceptions of successful aging among older Latinos, in cross-cultural context. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 27(3), 183-199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-012-9171-4
Ho, R. T. H., Sing, C. Y., Fong, T. C. T., Au-Yeung, F. S. W., Law, K. Y., Lee, L. F., & Ng, S. M. (2016). Underlying spirituality and mental health: The role of burnout. Journal of Occupational Health, 58(1), 66-71. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.15-0142-OA
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Evaluating model fit. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 76–99). Sage Publications, Inc.
Instituto de Estudios Sociales en Población. (2019a). Percepción de la población costarricense sobre valores y prácticas religiosas. Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica. https://repositorio.una.ac.cr/bitstream/handle/11056/15089/informe_percepcion_de_la_poblacion_cosarricense_sobre_valores_y_practicas_religiosas.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Instituto de Estudios Sociales en Población. (2019b). Informe de encuesta componentes psicosociales de la calidad de vida de las personas mayores en Costa Rica. Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica. https://repositorio.una.ac.cr/bitstream/handle/11056/18067/componentes_psicosociales_de_la_calidad_de_vida_de_las_personas_mayores_en_costa_rica_2019.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. (2021). Estimaciones y proyecciones de población. Estadísticas demográficas 2011-2050. Proyecciones nacionales. Población por años calendario, según sexo y grupos especiales de edades. https://www.inec.cr/poblacion/estimaciones-y-proyecciones-de-poblacion
Iwamasa, G. Y., & Iwasaki, M. (2011). A multidimensional model of successful aging: Perception of Japanese American older adults. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 26, 261-278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-011-9147-9
Koburtay, T., Jamali, D., & Aljafari, A. (2023). Religion, spirituality, and well‐being: A systematic literature review and futuristic agenda. Business Ethics, the Environment & Responsibility, 32(1), 341-357. https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12478
Kroeber, A. L., & Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions. Peabody Museum
Lifshitz, R., Nimrod, G., & Bachner, Y. G. (2018). Spirituality and wellbeing in later life: A multidimensional approach. Aging & Mental Health, 23(8), 984-991. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2018.1460743
MacKinlay, E. (2017). The Spiritual Dimension of Ageing (2nd ed.). Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
McFadden, S. H. (2022). Pandemic disruptions of older adults’ meaningful connections: Linking spirituality and religion to suffering and resilience. Religions, 13(7), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13070622
Manoiu, R., Hammond, N., Yamin, S., & Stinchcombe, A. (2023). Religion/spirituality, mental health and the life span: Findings from a representative sample of Canadian adults. Canadian Journal on Aging, 42(1), 115-125. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980822000162
Martins, E. L. M., Salamene, L. C., Lucchetti, A. L. G., & Lucchetti, G. (2022). The association of mental health with positive behaviours, attitudes and virtues in community-dwelling older adults: Results of a population-based study. The International journal of social psychiatry, 68(2), 392-402. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764021999690
Mason, M., Singleton, A., & Webber, R. (2007). The spirituality of young Australians. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 12(2), 149-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/13644360701467451
Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler's (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11(3), 320-341. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2
Maruyama, G. M. (1998). Basics of structural equation modeling. Sage Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483345109
Michaelson, V. (2021). Developing a definition of spiritual health for Canadian young people: A qualitative study. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 26(1/2), 67-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364436X.2020.1856048
Minucciani, V., & Saglar, N. (2020). Well-being age and space. Journal of Urban Design, 25(2), 275-286. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2019.1667758
Moreira-Almeida, A., Lotufo, F., & Koenig, H. G. (2006). Religiousness and mental health: A review. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 28(3), 242-250. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462006000300018
Mplus. (2024). Mplus Version History. http://www.statmodel.com/index.shtml
Muñiz, J. (2002). Teoría Clásica de los Tests (2da ed.). Ediciones Pirámide.
Neville, S., Napier, S., Silulu, F. M. L., Wong Soon, H. N., & Tautolo, E. S. (2023). The influence of spirituality and religion on health and well-being for older Pacific People. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 36(3), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030.2023.2221872
Ntozini, A., & Abdullahi, A. A. (2021). Loneliness and psychological well-being among the elderly in Buffalo City, South Africa. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 31(4), 383-389. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2021.1952700
Oñate, M. E., Mesurado, B., & Rodriguez, L. M. (2022). Análisis psicométrico de la Escala de Experiencias Espirituales Diarias en adolescentes y jóvenes argentinos. Actualidades en Psicología, 36(133). https://doi.org/10.15517/ap.v36i133.47218
Pavot, W., Diener, E., & Suh, E. M. (1998). The Temporal Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 70(2), 340-354. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa7002_11
Peteet, J., Zaben, F., & Koenig, H. (2019). Integrating spirituality into the care of older adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 31(1), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610218000716
Pew Research Center. (2015). Millennials are less religious than older americans, but just as spiritual. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/11/23/millennials-are-less-religious-than-older-americans-but-just-as-spiritual/
Pinazo-Hernándis, S., Blanco-Molina, M., & Ortega-Moreno, R. (2022). Aging in place: Connections, relationships, social participation and social support in the face of crises situations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24), 16623. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36554504/
Puntel, C., & Adam, J. C. (2021). Mindfulness e espiritualidade como estratégica de enfrentamento em situações de crise. Estudos Teológicos, 61(1), 239-255. https://doi.org/10.22351/et.v61i1.780
Reyes, M., De Lima, L., Taboada, P., Villarroel, L., Vial, J., Blanco, O., Gonzáles, R., Parra, I., Toledo, G., Bonati, P., & Nervi, F. (2017). Escala numérica para evaluar síntomas espirituales en cuidados paliativos. Revista Médica de Chile, 145, 747-754. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0034-98872017000600747
Richert, R. A., & Corriveau, K. H. (2022). Development of religious cognition. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 4(1), 185-206. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-120920-041303
Rosabal-Coto, M. (2004). Parental Belief Systems, conflict resolution strategies and cultural orientation in the mother-child interactive context: a comparative study of two Costa Rican samples [Tesis de doctorado, University of Osnabrück] Osnadocs, University of Osnabrück. https://osnadocs.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-2004110929
Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1987). Human aging: Usual and successful. Science, 237(4811), 143-149. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3299702
Ryff, C., & Keyes, C. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719-727. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.69.4.719
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Beyond Ponce de Leon and life satisfaction: New directions in quest of successful ageing. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 12, 35-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/016502548901200102
Saiz, J., Galilea, M., Molina, A. J., Salazar, M., Barsotti, T. J., Chopra, D., & Mills, P. J. (2021). Spirituality and employment in recovery from severe and persistent mental illness and psychological well-being. Healthcare, 9(1), 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010057
Sadoughi, M., & Hesampour, F. (2020). Prediction of psychological well-being in the elderly by assessing their spirituality, gratitude to God, and perceived social support. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 15(2), 144-158. https://doi.org/10.32598/sija.13.10.210
Sánchez, M., González, C., Robles, R., & Andrade, P. (2012). Development and psychometric evaluation of a spirituality index for elders in Mexico. Psicología Iberoamericana, 20, 41-48. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1339/133928816006.pdf
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66(4), 507-514. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02296192
Schreiber, J., Nora, A., Stage, F., Barlow, E., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323-338. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338
Seo, Y. J., Sun, S., & Cheah, C. S. L. (2019). Confirming the multidimensionality of psychological well-being among Korean immigrant mothers in the United States. International Journal of Mental Health, 48(1), 40-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207411.2019.1578612
Soósová, M. S., Timková, V., Dimunová, L., & Mauer, B. (2021). Spirituality as a mediator between depressive symptoms and subjective well-being in older adults. Clinical nursing research, 30(5), 707-717. https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773821991152
Sharma, S., & Singh, K. (2019). Religion and well-being: The mediating role of positive virtues. Journal of Religion and Health, 58(1), 119-131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0559-5
Strange, K. E., Troutman-Jordan, M., & Mixer, S. (2023). Influence of spiritual engagement on appalachian older adults’ health. A systematic review. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 61(5), 45-52. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36322869/
Sarita, T., & Sharma, G. (2022). Spirituality as predictor of psychological well-being amongst adolescents. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(4), 443-447. https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/ijpp/article/view/218472
Simonič, B. (2021). The power of women’s faith in coping with intimate partner violence: Systematic literature review. Journal of Religion and Health, 60, 4278-4295. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33704630/
Thauvoye, E., Vanhooren, S., Vandenhoeck, A., & Dezutter, J. (2018). Spirituality and well-being in old age: Exploring the dimensions of spirituality in relation to late-life functioning. Journal of Religion and Health, 57, 2167-2181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0515-9
Tomás, J. M., Galiana, L., Gutiérrez, M., Sancho, P., & Oliver, A. (2016a). Predicción del bienestar hedónico y eudaimónico en envejecimiento con éxito. EJIHPE: European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 6(3), 167-176. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6131011
Tomás, J. M., Galiana, L., Oliver, A., Sancho, P., & Pinazo, S. (2016b). Validating the temporal satisfaction with life scale in Spanish elderly: A bifactor model application. Behavioral Psychology, 24(3), 555-567. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2016-62715-010
Tomás, J., Sancho, P., Blanco-Molina, M., & Pinazo-Hernandis, S. (2022). Measurement invariance of the self-care Scale for older people in Costa Rica and Spain. Educational Gerontology, 49(3), 190-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2022.2096307
Turner, R. P., Lukoff, D., Barnhouse, R. T., & Lu, F. G. (1995). Religious or spiritual problem: A culturally sensitive diagnostic category in the DSM-IV. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 183(7), 435-444. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199507000-00003
Van Gordon, W., Shonin, E., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Buddhist emptiness theory: Implications for Psychology. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9(4), 309-318. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2016-13170-001
Van Gordon, W., Shonin, E., Griffiths, M. D., & Singh, N. N. (2015). Mindfulness and the four noble truths. In E. Shonin, W. Van Gordon, & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Buddhist foundations of Mindfulness (pp. 9-27). Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18591-0_2
Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1982). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17(1), 37-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4
White, S. (2015). Gerotranscendence Theory: A fresh look at Positive Aging. Engaging Aging, 10(1),1-8. https://www.usccb.org/about/national-religious-retirement-office/upload/Engaging-Aging-Newsletter-Spring-2015.pdf
Zimmer, Z., Rojo, F., Ofstedal, M. B., Chiu, C. T., Saito, Y., & Jagger, C. (2018). Religiosity and health: A global comparative study. SSM - population health, 7, 100322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.11.006
Zúñiga-Solano, R., & Sánchez-Bolaños, M. (2019). Prevalencia y sobrevida en el envejecimiento exitoso, según el modelo de Rowe y Khan (Mac Arthur Research Network in successful aging) y el modelo de Young, en la cohorte del estudio Costa Rica estudio de longevidad y envejecimiento saludable [Tesis de doctorado, Universidad de Costa Rica]. Repositorio Kerwá. http://www.kerwa.ucr.ac.cr/handle/10669/80164
Comentários
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2024 Rafael Román-Quirós, Mauricio Blanco-Molina, Sacramento Pinazo-Hernandis, Marta Sahagun-Navarro