La biotoxina ptaquilósido en helechos del género Pteridium

Autores/as

  • Massiel Rodríguez-Salazar Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud, Cartago, Costa Rica. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6506-2005
  • Alejandro Chacón-Villalobos Universidad de Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15517/am.v34i1.49755

Palabras clave:

malezas, toxicología, enzootia, cáncer, inocuidad alimentaria, envenenamiento

Resumen

Introducción. Los helechos del género Pteridium se caracterizan por su amplio hábitat y poder adaptativo, que permite su establecimiento en diversos tipos de suelos y altitudes; estos poseen la capacidad de producir una toxina denominada ptaquilósido. Objetivo. Conjuntar un cuerpo de conocimientos actualizados sobre la toxina ptaquilósido presente en helechos del género PteridiumDesarrollo. Los helechos del género Pteridium, contienen la biotoxina ptaquilósido, en especial en estados fenológicos jóvenes y en las frondas. La hidrólisis de esta toxina a nivel biológico, genera compuestos con propiedades citotóxicas y genotóxicas. El ptaquilósido puede producir hematuria enzoótica bovina, depositarse en la leche del animal que lo ingiere y afectar la salud de los consumidores de lácteos. La biotoxina tiene un efecto inmunosupresor en bovinos, lo que puede favorecer al virus del papiloma, además, genera ceguera en ovejas; se relaciona con el cáncer de esófago y gástrico en seres humanos que habitan en áreas pobladas por helechos del género Pteridium. El efecto cancerígeno del ptaquilósido se genera porque causa una alquilación del ADN en el N3 de la adenina o en el N7 de la guanina, 24 h después de la ingestión. Para la erradicación de los helechos en las pasturas destacan: control mecánico, control biológico y control químico. Conclusión. La biotoxina ptaquilósido representa un riesgo para la salud humana y animal, que se puede propagar al suelo, a los cuerpos de agua y a los alimentos. Se requiere más investigación para tomar medidas que disminuyan sus efectos.

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Publicado

2022-10-21

Cómo citar

Rodríguez-Salazar, M., & Chacón-Villalobos, A. (2022). La biotoxina ptaquilósido en helechos del género Pteridium. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 34(1), 49755. https://doi.org/10.15517/am.v34i1.49755

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