La psicología social de las relaciones intergrupales: modelos e hipótesis

Smith-Castro, Vanessa

doi:10.15517/ap.v20i107.37

Autores/as

Vanessa Smith-Castro Universidad de Costa Rica, Escuela de Psicología; Universidad de Costa Rica, Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas Autor/a

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15517/ap.v20i107.37

Palabras clave:

estereotipos, prejuicio, discriminación, relaciones intergrupales, psicología social

Resumen

La psicología social de las relaciones intergrupales se ocupa de los procesos psicológicos a la base de fenómenos como los estereotipos, el prejuicio y la discriminación. La investigación en el área ha producido una amplia gama de modelos explicativos. Algunos de ellos ponen toda su atención en los procesos motivacionales, mientras otros se ocupan exclusivamente de los mecanismos cognitivos. Algunas de las teorías enfatizan en variables intraindividuales, mientras que otras resaltan el papel de factores contextuales en la emergencia de la hostilidad intergrupal. En la actualidad la investigación integra explicaciones cognitivo-motivacionales y diferentes niveles de análisis. Esta literatura muestra, sin embargo, dos vacíos importantes: a) la falta de teorías generales que permitan integrar la gran cantidad de información hasta ahora acumulada y b) faltan también estudios llevados a cabo en (y desde) Asia, África y América Latina.

Descargas

Los datos de descarga aún no están disponibles.

Referencias

Adorno, T., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. & Sanford, R. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York: Harper & Row.

Allport, F. (1962). Individual and collective: Structural theory an the master problem of social psychology. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 64, 3- 30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0043563

Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Perseus Book Publishing.

Altemeyer, B. (1988). Enemies of freedom. San Francisco: Josey-Bass.

Behrman, J. R., Gaviria, A. & Székely, M. (Eds.) (2003). Who’s in and who’s out: Social exclusion in Latin America. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank.

Berkowitz, L. (1962). Aggression: A social psychological analysis. New York: Mc Graw-Hill.

Bogardus, E. S. (1933). A social distance scale. Sociology and Social Science Research, 17, 265-271.

Brewer, M. B. (1996). When contact is not enough: Social identity and intergroup cooperation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 291-303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(96)00020-X

Brewer, M. B. & Miller, N. (1984). Beyond the contact hypothesis: Theoretical perspectives on desegregation. En Miller, N. & Brewer, M. B. (Eds.), Groups in contact: The psychology of desegregation (pp. 281-302). Orlando, Fl: Academic Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-497780-8.50019-X

Brigham, J. C. (1971). Ethnic stereotypes. Psychological Bulletin, 76, 15-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031446

Brown, R. (1995). Prejudice: Its social psychology. Oxford: Blackwell.

Brown, R. (2000). Groups processes: Dynamics within and between groups. Oxford: Blackwell.

Bruner, J. (1957). On perceptual readiness. Psychological Review, 64, 123-152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0043805

Campos, D. (1989). Escala de tendencias antidemocráticas implícitas de la personalidad (Escala F). Actualidades en Psicología, 45. San José, Costa Rica: Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas.

Chapman, L. J. & Chapman, J. P. (1967). Genesis of popular but erroneous psychodiagnostic observations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 72, 193-204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0024670

Cook, S. W. (1978). Interpersonal and attitudinal outcomes in cooperating interracial groups. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 12, 97-113.

Crosby, F. (1976). A model of egoistical relative deprivation. Psychological Review, 83, 85-113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.83.2.85

Crosby, F., Bromley, S. & Saxe, L. (1980). Recent unobtrusive studies of black and white discrimination and prejudice: A literature review. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 546-563. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.87.3.546

Dechamps, J. C., & Brown, R. (1983). Superordinate goals and intergroup conflict. British Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 189-195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1983.tb00583.x

Dollard, J., Doob, L. W., Miller, N. E., Mowrer, O. H., & Sears, R. R. (1939). Frustration and aggression. New Haven: Yale University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/10022-000

Dovidio, J. F. & Gaertner, S. L. (1986). Prejudice, discrimination and racism: Historical trends and contemporary approaches. En Dovidio, J. F. & Gaertner, S. L. (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination and racism. Orlando, Fl.: Academic Press.

Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K. & Gaertner, S. L. (2000). Reducing contemporary prejudice: Combating explicit and implicit bias at the individual and intergroup level. En Oskamp, S. (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Duckitt, J. (1989). Authoritarianism and group identification: A new view of and old construct. Political Psychology, 10, 63-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3791588

Duckitt, J. (1992). The social psychology of prejudice. New York: Praeger.

Ellemers, N. (1993). The influence of socio-structural variables on identity management strategies. En Stroebe, W. & Hewstone, M. (Eds.). European Review of Social Psychology, 4, 27-57. Chichester: Wiley. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779343000013

Ellemers, N., van Rijswijk, W., Roefs, M. & Simons, C. (1997). Bias in intergroup perceptions; balancing group identity with social reality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 186-198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167297232007

Fiske, S. (2000). Sterotyping, prejudice, and discrimination at the seam between the centuries: Evolution, culture, mind, and brain. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 299-322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(200005/06)30:3<299::AID-EJSP2>3.0.CO;2-F

Fiske, S., Cuddy, A. Glick, P. & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878-902. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878

Fiske, S. & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Ganter, S. (1997). Stereotype und vorurteile: Konzeptualisierung, operationalisierung and messung. [Estereotipos y prejuicio: conceptuación, operacionalización y medición] Manheim: Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung. Arbeitspapiere Arbeitsbereich III/22.

Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F. & Bachman, B. A. (1996). Revisiting the contact hypothesis: The induction of a common ingroup identity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 271-290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(96)00019-3

Giddens, A. (1993). Sociology. Oxford, U.K.: Polity Press.

Giles, H., & Powesland, P. F. (1975). A social psychological model of speech diversity in Giles. En Giles, H. & Powesland, P. F. (Eds.), Speech and social evaluation. European Monographs in Social Psychology, (pp. 154-170). New York: Harcourt Brace.

Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of the self in everyday life. New York: Doubleday.

Gurr, T. R. (1970). Why men rebel. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

Hamberger, J. & Hewstone, M. (1997). Inter-ethnic contact as a predictor of blatant and subtle prejudice: Tests of a model in four West European nations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 173-190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1997.tb01126.x

Hamilton, D. L. (1981). Illusory correlation as a basis for stereotyping. En Hamilton, D. L. (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior (pp. 115-144). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum.

Hewstone, M. & Brown, R. (1986). Contact is not enough: An intergroup perspective on the "Contact hypothesis". En Hewstone, M., & Brown, R. (Eds.), Contact & conflict in intergroup encounters (pp. 1-44). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Hilton, J. & von Hippel, W. (1996). Stereotypes. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 237-271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.47.1.237

Hovland, C. I. & Sears, R. R. (1940). Minor studies of aggression: VI. Correlation of lynching with economic indices. Journal of Psychology, 9, 301-310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1940.9917696

Katz, D. & Braly, K. (1933). Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 28, 280-290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0074049

Katz, D. & Braly, K. (1935). Racial prejudice and racial stereotypes. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 30, 175-193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0059800

Katz, I. & Hass, R. G. (1988). Racial ambivalence and value conflict: Correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 893-905. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.55.6.893

Kinder, D. R. & Sears, D. O. (1981). Prejudice and politics: Symbolic racism versus racial threats to the good life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 414-431. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.40.3.414

Klink, A. & Wagner, U. (1999). Discrimination against ethnic minorities in Germany: Going back to the field. Journal of Applied of Social Psychology, 29, 402-423. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb01394.x

Lerner, M. J. (1980). The belief in a just world. New York: Plenum. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0448-5

Leyens, J. P., Cortes, B., Demoulin, S., Dovidio, J. F., Fiske, S. T., Gaunt, R., Paladino, M. P., Rodríguez-Pérez, A., Rodríguez-Torres, R. & Vaes, J. (2003). Emotional prejudice, essentialism, and nationalism: The 2002 Tajfel Lecture. European Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 703-717. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.170

Leyens, J. P., Yzerbyt, V. & Schadron, G. (1994). Stereotypes and social cognition. London: Sage.

Lippman, W. (1922). Public opinion. New York: Harcourt Brace.

Lorenzi-Cioldi, F. (1998). Group status and perceptions of homogeneity. En Stroebe, W. & Hewstone, M. (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology, 9, 31-75. Chichester: Wiley. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779843000045

Masson, C. N. & Verkuyten, M. (1993). Prejudice, ethnic identity, contact and ethnic group preferences among Dutch young adolescents. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 156-168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01058.x

McConahay, J. B. (1986). Modern racism, ambivalence, and the modern racism scale. En Dovidio, J. F. & Gaertner, S. L. (Eds.), Prejudice, Discrimination and Racism (pp.91-126). Orlando, Fl.: Academic Press.

Meloen, J. (1993). The F Scale as predictor of fascism: An overview of 40 years of authoritarianism research. En Stone, W., Lederer, G. & Christie, R. (Eds.), Strength and weakness: The authoritarian personality today (pp. 47-69). New York: Springer-Verlag. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9180-7_3

Nesdale, A. R., Dharmalingam, S. & Kerr, G. K. (1987). Effects of subgroup ratio on stereotyping. European Journal of Social Psychology, 17, 353-356. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420170309

Oakes, P., Haslam, A. & Turner, J. C. (1994). Stereotyping and social reality. Oxford: Blackwell.

Oskamp, S. (2000). Multiple paths to reducing prejudice and discrimination. En Oskamp, S. (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 1-19). Mahwah, New Jersey: Erlbaum.

Österreich, D. (1996). Flucht in die Sicherheit: Zur theorie des autoritarismus ubnd der Authoritären Reaktion. [Escape hacia la seguridad: hacia una teoría del autoritarismo y la reacción autoritaria] Opladen: Leske-Budrich.

Otten, S. (2002). “Me and us” or “us and them”? The self as a heuristic for defining minimal ingroups. En Stroebe, W. & Hewstone, M. (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology, 13, (pp. 1-33). Chichester: Wiley. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280240000028

Pettigrew, T. F. (1979). The ultimate attribution error: Extending Allport's cognitive analysis of prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5, 461-476. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014616727900500407

Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 65-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65

Pettigrew, T. F., Jackson, J. S., Ben Brika, J., Lemaine, G., Meertens, R. W., Wagner, U. & Zick, A. (1998). Outgroup prejudice in Western Europe. En Stroabe, W. & Hewstone, M. (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology, 8, (pp. 241-27). Chichester: Wiley. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779843000009

Pettigrew, T. F. & Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 57-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420250106

Pettigrew, T. F. & Tropp, L. R. (2000). Does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Recent meta-analytic findings. En Oskamp, S. (Ed.), Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination, (pp. 93-115). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Rich, Y., Kedem, P. & Shlesinger, A. (1995). Enhancing intergroup relations among children: A field test of the Miller-Brewer model. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 19, 539-553. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(95)00035-6

Runciman, W. G. (1966). Relative deprivation and social justice. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Sherif, M. (1979). Superordinate goals in the reduction of intergroup conflict: An experimental evaluation. En Worchel, S. & Austin, W. G. (Eds.). The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 257-261). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Sherif, M., Harvey, O., White, B., Hood, W. & Sherif, C. (1961). Intergroup conflict and cooperation: The Robbers' Cave experiment. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Sherif, M. & Sherif, C. (1979). Research on intergroup relations. En Austin, W. S. & Worchel, S. (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-18). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Sidanius, J. & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139175043

Sidanius, J., Pratto, F. & Bobo, L. (1996). Racism, conservatism, affirmative action, and intellectual sophistication: A matter of principled conservatism of group dominance? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 476-490. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.476

Simon, B. (1992). The perception of ingroup and outgroup homogeneity: Reintroducing the intergroup context. En Stroebe, W. & Hewstone, M. (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology, 3, (pp.1-30). Chichester: Wiley. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779243000005

Smith, V. (2003). Acculturation and psychological adaptation. Westport, CC: Greenwood Press.

Smith, V. (en prensa). Determinantes psicosociales y sociodemográficos de las actitudes interétnicas en jóvenes de Limón y San José. Revista de Ciencias Sociales.

Smith, V., & Pérez, R. (2003). El contenido de los estereotipos. Informe de actividad especial de investigación 723-A2-739. San José, Costa Rica: Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Universidad de Costa Rica.

Stangor, C., Sullivan, L. & Ford, T. (1991). Affective and cognitive determinants of prejudice. Social Cognition, 9, 359-380. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1991.9.4.359

Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O. & Bachman, G. (1999). Prejudice toward immigrants. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 2221-2237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00107.x

Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., Martinez, C., Schwarzwald, J. & Tur-Kaspa, M. (1998). Prejudice toward immigrants to Spain and Israel: An Integrated threat theory analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 559-576. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022198294004

Stephan, W. S. & Stephan C. W. (2000). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. En Oskamp, S. (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination, (pp. 23-45). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Stone, W., Lederer, G. & Christie, R. (1993). Introduction: Strength and weakness. In Stone, W., Lederer, G. & Christie, R. (Eds.), Strength and weakness: The authoritarian personality today, (pp. 3-21). New York: Springer-Verlag. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9180-7_1

Sumner, W. C. (1906). Folkways. New York: Ginn.

Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories: Studies in social psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. En Worchel, S. & Austin, W. G. (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Taylor, S. E., Fiske, S. T., Etcoff, N. L. & Ruderman, A. J. (1978). Categorial and contextual bases of person memory and stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 232-338.

Turner, J. C. (1999). Some current issues in research on social identity and self-categorization theories. En Ellemers, N., Spears, R. & Doosje, B. (Eds.). Social identity: Context, commitment, content. (pp. 6-34). Oxford: Blackwell.

Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J, Reicher, S. D. & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford: Blackwell.

Van Dick, Wagner U., Pettigrew, T.F., Christ, O., Wolf, C., Petzel, T., Smith-Castro, V. & Jackson, J. S. (en prensa). The role of perceived importance in intergroup contact. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

Vanneman, R. D., & Pettigrew, T. F. (1972). Race and relative deprivation in the urban United States. Race, 13, 461-486. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/030639687201300404

Verkuyten, M. (1997). The structure of ethnic attitudes: The effects of target group, region, gender, and national identity. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 123, 261-284.

Wagner, U. (1994). Eine sozialpsychologische Analyse von Intergruppenbeziehungen. [Análisis psicosocial de las relaciones intergrupales]. Göttingen: Hogrefe.

Wagner, U., Lampen, L., & Syllwasschy, J. (1986). In-group inferiority, social identity and outgroup devaluation in a modified minimal group study. British Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 15-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00697.x

Wetherell, M. (1998). Defining social psychology. En Sapsford, R., Still, A., Wetherell, M., Miell, D. & Stevens, R. (Eds.) Theroy and social psychology (pp. 5-18). London: Sage.