Abstract
Sarcopenia is a muscle disease that tends to be related to aging. However, it plays an extremely relevant role in the clinic of chronic pathologies. This role is quantified by clinical tests such as the dynamometer, allowing to establish an association between the loss of muscle mass, the general condition and the prognosis of patients with different pathologies.
The pathophysiology of sarcopenia centers on a decrease in anabolic hormone signaling and an increase in catabolic signaling through proinflammatory substances such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). A loss of skeletal muscle function, strength and mass is generated, which favors the development of chronic diseases.
This has a negative impact on aspects such as quality of life, patient survival, increased risk of fractures, increased cardiovascular complications, increased post-transplant complications and generally increased hospitalization and mortality rates.
This pathology has a great relevance in the prognosis of patients with chronic diseases. An early study and detection of sarcopenia can have a significant impact on therapeutic decisions, disease progression and patient outcomes.
References
Boparai G, Kedia S, Kandasamy D, Sharma R, Madhusudhan K, Dash N et al. Combination of sarcopenia and high visceral fat predict poor outcomes in patients with Crohn’s disease. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2021;75(10):1491-1498.
Cruz-Jentoft A, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyère O, Cederholm T et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age and Ageing. 2018;48(1):16-31.
Thorborg K, Petersen J, Magnusson S, Hölmich P. Clinical assessment of hip strength using a hand-held dynamometer is reliable. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2009;20(3):493-501.
Hoffmann C, Weigert C. Skeletal Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: The Role of Myokines in Exercise Adaptations. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2017;7(11):a029793.
Pascual-Fernández J, Fernández-Montero A, Córdova-Martínez A, Pastor D, Martínez-Rodríguez A, Roche E. Sarcopenia: Molecular Pathways and Potential Targets for Intervention. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Nov 22;21(22):8844. doi: 10.3390/ijms21228844. PMID: 33266508; PMCID: PMC7700275.
Dhillon RJ, Hasni S. Pathogenesis and Management of Sarcopenia. Clin Geriatr Med. 2017 Feb;33(1):17-26. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2016.08.002. PMID: 27886695; PMCID: PMC5127276.
Woo J. Sarcopenia. Clin Geriatr Med. 2017 Aug;33(3):305-314. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2017.02.003. Epub 2017 May 13. PMID: 28689564.
Pár A, Hegyi JP, Váncsa S, Pár G. Sarcopenia - 2021: Patofiziológia, diagnózis, terápia [Sarcopenia - 2021: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, therapy]. Orv Hetil. 2021 Jan 3;162(1):3-12. Hungarian. doi: 10.1556/650.2021.32015. PMID: 33388736.
Curcio F, Ferro G, Basile C, Liguori I, Parrella P, Pirozzi F, Della-Morte D, Gargiulo G, Testa G, Tocchetti CG, Bonaduce D, Abete P. Biomarkers in sarcopenia: A multifactorial approach. Exp Gerontol. 2016 Dec 1;85:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.09.007. Epub 2016 Sep 12. PMID: 27633530.
Lee S, Gong H. Measurement and Interpretation of Handgrip Strength for Research on Sarcopenia and Osteoporosis. Journal of Bone Metabolism. 2020;27(2):85.
Kim M, Shinkai S. Prevalence of muscle weakness based on different diagnostic criteria in community-dwelling older adults: A comparison of grip strength dynamometers. Geriatrics & Gerontology International. 2017;17(11):2089-2095.
Garofolini A, Taylor S, McLaughlin P, Stokes R, Kusel M, Mickle K. Repeatability and accuracy of a foot muscle strength dynamometer. Medical Engineering & Physics. 2019;67:102-108.
Garcia M, Fonseca D, Souza V. Handheld dynamometers for muscle strength assessment: pitfalls, misconceptions, and facts. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy. 2021;25(3):231-232.
Saklayen MG. The Global Epidemic of the Metabolic Syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20(2):12. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5866840/. Consultado: 3 de julio 2022.
Bovolini A, Garcia J, Andrade MA, Duarte JA. Metabolic Syndrome Pathophysiology and Predisposing Factors. Int J Sports Med. 2021;42(3):199-214. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33075830/. Consultado: 3 de julio 2022.
Carvalho CJ, Longo GZ, Kakehasi AM, Pereira PF, Segheto KJ, Juvanhol LL, et al.. Association between Skeletal Mass Indices and Metabolic Syndrome in Brazilian Adults. J Clin Densitom. 2021;24(1):118-128. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1094695019302306?via%3Dihub. Consultado: 3 de julio 2022.
Kim SH, Jeong JB, Kang J, Ahn DW, Kim JW, Kim BG, et al.. Association between sarcopenia level and metabolic syndrome. PLoS One. 2021 Mar 19;16(3). Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7978348/. Consultado: 3 de julio 2022.
Moon SS. Low skeletal muscle mass is associated with insulin resistance, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome in the Korean population: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2009–2010. Endocr J. 2014;61(1):61–70. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24088600/. Consultado: 4 de julio 2022.
Zhang H, Lin S, Gao T, Zhong F, Cai J, Sun Y, et al. Association between Sarcopenia and Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged and Older Non-Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2018;10(3). Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29547573/. Consultado: 4 de julio 2022.
Kim SH, Kang HW, Jeong JB, Lee DS, Ahn DW, Kim JW, et al. Association of obesity, visceral adiposity, and sarcopenia with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome: A retrospective study. PLoS One. 2021;16(8). Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8370618/. Consultado: 4 de julio 2022.
Park SJ, Ryu SY, Park J, Choi SW. Association of Sarcopenia with Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Population Using 2009-2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2019 Dec;17(10):494-499. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6892432/. Consultado: 5 de julio 2022.
Nishikawa H, Asai A, Fukunishi S, Nishiguchi S, Higuchi K. Metabolic Syndrome and Sarcopenia. Nutrients. 2021;13(10):3519. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34684520/. Consultado: 5 de julio 2022.
Barbalho SM, Prado EV, De Alvares R, Bechara MD, Baisi EF, Audi M, et al. Myokines: a descriptive review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2020;60(12):1583-1590. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32586076/. Consultado: 5 de julio 2022.
Rubio ME, Guarner V, Pérez I, Soto ME. Mechanisms Underlying Metabolic Syndrome-Related Sarcopenia and Possible Therapeutic Measures. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(3):647. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30717377/. Consultado: 5 de julio 2022.
Heshmat R, Shafiee G, Ostovar A, Fahimfar N, Maleki Birjandi S, Jabbari M et al. Relationship Between Sarcopenia and Electrocardiographic Abnormalities in Older People: The Bushehr Elderly Health Program. Frontiers in Medicine. 2021;8.
Gao K, Cao L, Ma W, Gao Y, Luo M, Zhu J et al. Association between sarcopenia and cardiovascular disease among middle-aged and older adults: Findings from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. eClinicalMedicine. 2022;44:101264.
Kirwan R, McCullough D, Butler T, Perez de Heredia F, Davies I, Stewart C. Sarcopenia during COVID-19 lockdown restrictions: long-term health effects of short-term muscle loss. GeroScience. 2020;42(6):1547-1578.
Barbalho S, Flato U, Tofano R, Goulart R, Guiguer E, Detregiachi C et al. Physical Exercise and Myokines: Relationships with Sarcopenia and Cardiovascular Complications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020;21(10):3607.
He N, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Zhang S, Ye H. Relationship Between Sarcopenia and Cardiovascular Diseases in the Elderly: An Overview. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2021;8.
Santana N, Mendes R, Silva N, Pinho C. Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity as prognostic predictors in hospitalized elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction. Einstein (São Paulo). 2019;17(4).
Xia M, Chen L, Wu L, Ma H, Li X, Li Q et al. Sarcopenia, sarcopenic overweight/obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease and cardiac arrhythmia: A cross-sectional study. Clinical Nutrition. 2021;40(2):571-580.
Jo D, Yoon G, Kim O, Song J. A new paradigm in sarcopenia: Cognitive impairment caused by imbalanced myokine secretion and vascular dysfunction. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2022;147:112636.
Curcio F, Testa G, Liguori I, Papillo M, Flocco V, Panicara V et al. Sarcopenia and Heart Failure. Nutrients. 2020;12(1):211.
Sasaki K, Fukumoto Y. Sarcopenia as a comorbidity of cardiovascular disease. Journal of Cardiology. 2022;79(5):596-604.
Sabatino A, Cuppari L, Stenvinkel P, Lindholm B, Avesani CM. Sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease: what have we learned so far?. Journal of nephrology. 2021 Aug;34(4):1347-72.
Moorthi RN, Avin KG. Clinical relevance of sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease. Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension. 2017 May;26(3):219.
Allen SL, Quinlan JI, Dhaliwal A, Armstrong MJ, Elsharkawy AM, Greig CA, Lord JM, Lavery GG, Breen L. Sarcopenia in chronic liver disease: Mechanisms and countermeasures. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2021 Mar 1;320(3):G241-57.
Dhaliwal A, Armstrong MJ. Sarcopenia in cirrhosis: A practical overview. Clinical Medicine. 2020 Sep;20(5):489.
Sepúlveda-Loyola W, Sergio P, Probst VS. Mecanismos fisiopatológicos de la sarcopenia en la EPOC. Revista chilena de enfermedades respiratorias. 2019 Jun;35(2):124-32.
Beaudart C, Zaaria M, Pasleau F, Reginster J, Bruyère O. Health Outcomes of Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLOS ONE. 2017;12(1):e0169548.
Koon-Yee L, Philip C, Hoi-Yee G, Chan M, Li H, Man-Yung B et al. Sarcopenia and mortality in different clinical conditions: A meta-analysis. Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia. 2021; 7(1); 19-27.
Xu J, Wan C, Ktoris K, Reijnierse E, Maier A. Sarcopenia Is Associated with Mortality in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gerontology. 2021;68(4):361-376.
Au P, Li H, Lee G, Li G, Chan M, Cheung B et al. Sarcopenia and mortality in cancer: A meta-analysis. Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia. 2021;7:S28-S33.
Comments
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ernesto Balmaceda Araya, Valeria Armani Arce, Joselyn Hernández Quirós, María Luisa Madrigal Mora, Katherine Sánchez Vargas