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El dolor neuropático surge de una lesión nerviosa que altera principalmente el sistema somato sensorial. Al producirse un daño en un nervio, se generan descargas continuas de las neuronas nociceptivas que conducen a un estado de hiperexcitabilidad el cual se constata por un incremento de la actividad espontánea, una reducción del umbral de excitación y una ampliación de receptividad para otros estímulos de naturaleza no dolorosa. Este dolor se caracteriza por ser una sensación intensa, quemante y de carácter crónico. Actualmente, los antidepresivos tricíclicos y los inhibidores duales de la recaptura de serotonina y norepinefrina se encuentran en la primera línea de tratamiento. Sin embargo, estos tienen una eficacia modesta y, a menudo, causan efectos adversos molestos como mareos, náuseas, somnolencia y dolor de cabeza. Ante la alta prevalencia de este tipo de dolor y su impacto, se realiza la presente revisión bibliográfica la cual mediante una búsqueda sistematizada identificó los principales artículos de revisión relacionados en el periodo comprendido del 2015 al 2021 y proporciona los aspectos fundamentales de la patogénesis para una mejor comprensión del mecanismo de acción de los medicamentos utilizados en el tratamiento de este tipo de dolor. Así como otras posibles dianas terapéuticas, principales relaciones de la estructura química con la actividad biológica de los antidepresivos y terapias en investigación para el abordaje del dolor neuropático.
Palabras clave: Dolor Neuropático, Patogénesis, Tratamiento, Antidepresivos, Relaciones Estructura Actividad. Fuente:DeCS/MeSH.
Citas
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