Biologic and physiologic actions of GLP-1

Abstract

The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) derived from proglucagon, consistis of 42 aminoacids and it is released in response to hormonal, neuronal and nutritional stimuli. This peptide is produced by the L-type enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal tract, in α cells of the pancreas and in neurons of the nucleus of the solitary tract. GLP-1 acts on GLP-1 receptors and it is rapidly degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase 4. GLP-1, is one of the incretins that promotes the transcription of insulin and its secretion, additionally it has been demonstrated that it serves as a trophic factor on pancreatic β cells.  This peptide functions on the central nervous system as a neuroprotector agent and as an anorectic. It also has gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, renal, skeletal and metabolic effects. The metabolic changes observed after bariatric surgery are considered mediated by the action of GLP-1. Currently, multiple GLP-1 receptor agonists have been developed which are being used mainly as a hypoglycemic treatment in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus.