Keywords
Isla del Coco
seasonal and intraseasonal variability modes
Madden-Julian Oscillation
Caribbean Low-Level Jet
Chocó Jet
trans-isthmic low-level jets
atmospheric rivers.
Isla del Coco
modos de variabilidad climática estacional e intra-estacional
Oscilación de Madden-Julian
Corriente en Chorro de Bajo Nivel del Caribe
Chorro del Chocó
corrientes trans-ístmicos
ríos atmosféricos.
How to Cite
Abstract
This is Part II of a two-part review about climate and climate variability focused on the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) and the Caribbean Sea (CS). Both parts are aimed at providing oceanographers, marine biologists, and other ocean scientists, a guiding base for ocean-atmosphere interaction processes affecting the CS, the ETP, and the waters of Isla del Coco. Isla del Coco National Park is a Costa Rican World Heritage site. Part I analyzed the mean fields for both basins and a larger region covering 25º S - 35º N, 20º W - 130º W. Here we focus on a smaller area (65º W - 95º W, 0º - 20º N), as a complement to Part 1. Incoming solar radiation and surface energy fluxes reveal the complex nature of the ETP and CS for convective activity and precipitation on seasonal and intraseasonal time scales. Both regions are relevant as sources of evaporation and the associated moisture transport processes. The American Monsoon System influences the climate and climate variability of the ETP and CS, however, the precise way systems affect regional precipitation and transport of moisture, within the Intra Americas Sea (IAS) are not clear. Although the Caribbean Low-Level Jet (CLLJ) is known to act as a conveyor belt for moisture transport, intraseasonal and seasonal modes of the CLLJ and their interactions with other IAS systems, have to be further investigated. Trans-isthmic jets, exert a variable seasonal wind stress force over the ocean surface co-generating regions of great marine productivity. Isolated convection, the seasonal migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, the hurricane season, the Mid-Summer Drought, the seasonal and intraseasonal behavior of low-level jets and their interactions with transients, and the southward incursion of cold fronts contribute to regional seasonal precipitation. Many large-scale systems, such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation, the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO, also influence the variability of precipitation by modulating regional features associated with convection and precipitation. Monthly tropical storm (TS) activity in the CS and ETP basins is restricted to the period May-November, with very few cases in December. The CS presents TS peak activity during August, as well as for the number of hurricanes and major hurricanes, in contrast to the ETP that shows the same features during September.
References
Adams, D. K., & Comrie, A. C. (1997). The North American Monsoon. Bulletin of American Meteorological Society, 78, 2197-2213.
Adams, D. K., McGillicuddy, D. J., Zamudio, L., Thurnherr, A. M., Liang, X., Rouxel, O., & Mullineaux, L. S. (2011). Surface-generated mesoscale eddies transport deep-sea products from hydrothermal vents. Science, 332(6029), 580-583.
Alfaro, E. J. (2002). Some characteristics of the annual precipitation cycle in Central America and their relationships with its surrounding tropical oceans. Tópicos Meteorológicos y Oceanográficos, 9, 88-103.
Alfaro, E. J., & Cortés, J. (2012). Atmospheric forcing of cold subsurface water events in Bahía Culebra, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 60(Supplement 2), 173-186.
Allen, G. R. (2008), Conservation hotspots of biodiversity and endemism for Indo-Pacific coral reef fishes. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 18, 541-556. doi: 10.1002/aqc.880
Amador, J. A. (1998). A climatic feature of the tropical Americas. The trade wind easterly jet. Tópicos Meteorológicos y Oceanográficos, 5(2), 91-102.
Amador, J. A. (2008). The Intra-Americas Seas Low-Level Jet (IALLJ): Overview and Future Research. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1146(1), 153-188. doi:10.1196-annals.1446.012.
Amador, J. A., 2011. Socio-economic impacts associated with meteorological systems and tropical cyclones in Central América in 2010. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 92(6), S184.
Amador, J. A., & Magaña, V. (1999, January). Dynamics of the low level jet over the Caribbean Sea. Preprints of the 23rd Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Amador, J. A., & Mo, K. C. (2005, October). The Intra-Americas Sea Low- Level Jet. Poster session presented at the 30th Annual Climate Prediction Center, Pennsylvania, USA.
Amador, J. A., Chacón, J. R., & Laporte, S. (2003). Climate and climate variability in the Arenal Basin of Costa Rica. In H. F. Díaz, & B. Morehouse (Eds.), Climate and Water: Transboundary Challenges in the Americas (pp. 317-350). The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Amador, J. A., Alfaro, E. J., Lizano, O. G., & Magaña, V. O. (2006). Atmospheric forcing of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review. Progress in Oceanography, 69, 101-142.
Amador, J. A., Rivera, E. R., Durán-Quesada, A. M., Mora, G., Sáenz, F., Calderón, B., & Mora, N. (2016). The easternmost tropical Pacific. Part I: A climate review. Revista de Biología Tropical, 64(Supplement 1), S1-S22.
Ashby, S. A., Taylor, M. A., & Chen, A. A. (2005). Statistical models for predicting rainfall in the Caribbean. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 82, 65-80.
Ballestero, D., & Coen, J. E. (2004). Generation and propagation of anticyclonic rings in the Gulf of Papagayo. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 25(11), 2217-2224.
Bao, J. W., Michelson, S. A., Nieman, P. J., Ralph, F. M., & Wilczak, J. M. (2006). Interpretation of enhanced integrated water vapor bands associated with extratropical cyclones: Their formation and connection to tropical moisture. Monthly Weather Review, 134, 1063-1080.
Barlow, M., & Salstein, D. (2006). Summertime influence of the Madden-Julian Oscillation on daily rainfall over Mexico and Central America. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L21708. doi: 10.1029/2006GL027738
Barrett, B. S., & Leslie, L. M. (2009). Links between tropical cyclone activity and Madden-Julian oscillation phase in the North Atlantic and Northeast Pacific basins. Monthly Weather Review, 127, 727-744.
Biasutti, M., Sobel, A. H., & Kushnir, Y. (2006). AGCM precipitation biases in the tropical Atlantic. Journal of Climate, 19, 935-958.
Bosilovich, M. G., Sud, Y. C., Schubert, S. D., & Walker, G. K. (2003). Numerical simulation of the large-scale North American Monsoon water sources. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(9), 1- 14. doi: 10.1029/2002JD003095
Carton, J. A., & Giese, B. S. (2008). A reanalysis of ocean climate using Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA). Monthly Weather Review, 136, 2999-3017.
Castro, C. L., McKee, T. B., & Pielke, R. A. (2001). The relationship of the North American monsoon to tropical and North Pacific sea surface temperatures as revealed by observational analyses. Journal of Climate, 14, 4449-4473.
Chang, C-H., Xie, S-P., Schneider, N., Qiu, B., Small, J., Zhuang, W., Taguchi, B., Sasaki, H., & Lin, X. (2012). East Pacific ocean eddies and their relationship to subseasonal variability in Central American wind jets. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117. doi: 10.1029/2011JC007315
Chelton, D., Freilich, M., & Esbensen, S. (2000). Satellite observations of the Wind Jets off the Pacific coast of Central America. Part II: Regional relationships and dynamical considerations. Monthly Weather Review, 128, 2019-2043.
Chen, A. A., & Taylor, M. A. (2002). Investigating the link between early season Caribbean rainfall and the El Niño + 1 year. International Journal of Climatology, 22, 87-106.
Chen, S. J., Li, D. L., & He, J. H. (2012). Influence of the Surface Sensible Heat Flux of North Asian Continent in Winter on Meiyu in Yangtze-Huaihe Valleys. Plateau Meteorology, 2, 008.
Clarke, A. J. (1988). Inertial wind path and sea surface temperature patterns near the Gulf of Tehuantepec and Gulf of Papagayo. Journal of Geophysical Research (Oceans), 93(C12), 15491-15501.
Cook, K. H., & Vizy, E. K. (2010). Hydrodynamics of the Caribbean Low-Level Jet and its relationship to precipitation. Journal of Climate, 23, 1477-1494. doi: 10.1175/2009JCLI3210.1
Crépon, M., & Richez, C. (1982). Transient upwelling generated by two-dimensional atmospheric forcing and variability in the coastline. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 12(12), 1437-1457.
Cronin, M. F., Bond, N., Fairall, C., Hare, J., McPhaden, M. J., & Weller, R. A. (2002). Enhanced oceanic and atmospheric monitoring underway in Eastern Pacific. EOS, Transactions, 83(19), 205, 210-211.
Crosbie, E., & Serra, Y. (2014). Intraseasonal modulation of synoptic-scale disturbances and tropical cyclone genesis in the Eastern North Pacific. Journal of Climate, 27, 5724-5745. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00399.1
Curtis, S., & Gamble, D. W. (2008). Regional variations of the Caribbean mid-summer drought. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 94(1-2), 25-34.
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., … & Vitart, F. (2011). The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 137, 553-597. doi:10.1002/qj.828
Douglas, M. W., Maddox, R. A., Howard, K., & Reyes, S. (1993). The Mexican Monsoon. Journal of Climate, 6, 1665-1678.
Douglas, M., Fernández, W., & Peña, M. (1999, January). Design and evolution of the PACS SONET observing system in Latin America. Paper presented at 3rd Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Durán-Quesada, A. M., Gimeno, L., Amador, J. A., & Nieto, R. (2010). A Lagrangian approach to moisture sources for Central America: Part I. Moisture sources identification. Journal of Geophysical Research, 15. doi: 10.1029 / 2009JD012455.
Elsner, J. B., & Kocher, B. (2000). Global tropical cyclone activity: A link to the North Atlantic Oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 129-132.
Fiedler, P. (2002). The annual cycle and biological effects of the Costa Rica dome. Deep-Sea Research, 49, 321-338.
Fiedler, P. C., & Talley, L. D. (2006). Hydrography of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review. Progress in Oceanography, 69, 143-180. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2006.03.008
Fuller, R. D., & Stensrud, D. J. (2000). The Relationship between Tropical Easterly Waves and Surges over the Gulf of California during the North American Monsoon. Monthly Weather Review, 128, 2983-2989.
Giannini, A., Kushnir, Y., & Cane, M. A. (2000). Interannual variability of Caribbean rainfall, ENSO, and the Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Climate, 13, 297-311.
Gimeno, L., Drumond, A., Nieto, R., Trigo, R. M., & Stohl, A. (2010). On the origin of continental precipitation. Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L13804. doi: 10.1029/ 2010GL043712
Gimeno, L., Nieto, R., Drumond, A., Durán-Quesada, A. M., Stohl, A., Sodemann, H., & Trigo, R. M. (2011). A close look at oceanic sources of continental precipitation, Eos. Transactions American Geophysical Union, 92(23), 193. doi:10.1029/2011EO230001
Giorgi, F. (2006). Climate change hot-spots. Geophysics Research Letters, 33, 8707.
Gochis, D. J., Shuttleworth, W. J., & Yang, Z. L. (2002). Sensitivity of the modeled North American monsoon regional climate to convective parameterization. Monthly Weather Review, 130, 1282-1298.
Gruber, N., Lachkar, Z., Frenzel, H., Marchesiello, P., Münnich, M., McWilliams, J., Nagai T., & Plattner, G. (2011). Eddy-induced reduction of biological production in eastern boundary upwelling systems. Nature Geoscience, 4(11), 787-792. doi :10.1038/ngeo1273
Guan, B., Waliser, D. E., Molotch, N. P., Fetzer, E. J., & Neiman, P. J. (2012). Does the Madden-Julian oscillation influence wintertime atmospheric rivers and snowpack in the Sierra Nevada? Monthly Weather Review, 140, 325-342.
Hansen, D. V., & Maul, G. A. (1991). Anticyclonic current rings in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 6965-6979.
Hastenrath, S. (1966). On general circulation and energy budget in the area of the Central American seas. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 23, 694-711.
Hastenrath, S. (1991). Climate Dynamics of the Tropics. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Hidalgo, H. G., Durán-Quesada, A. M., Amador, J. A., & Alfaro, E. (2015). The Caribbean Low-Level Jet, the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone and precipitation patterns in the Intra-Americas Sea: A proposed dynamical mechanism. Geografiska Annaler, Series A, Physical Geography. Series A: Physical Geography, 97(1), 41-59. doi:10.1111/geoa.12085
Higgins, W., Ahijevych, D., Amador, J., Barros, A., Berbery, E.H., Caetano, E., Carbone, R., Ciesielski, P., … & Zhang, C. (2006). The NAME 2004 field campaign and modeling strategy. Bulletin American Meteorological Society, 87, 79-94. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-87-1-79
Higgins, R. W., Yao, Y., & Wang, X. L. (1997). Influence of the North American Monsoon System on the U.S. Summer precipitation regime. Journal of Climate, 10, 2600-2622.
Higgins, W., & Gochis, D. (2007). Synthesis of results from the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) process study. Journal of Climate, 20, 1601-1607.
Hu, H., & Dominguez, F. (2015). Evaluation of oceanic and terrestrial sources of Moisture for the North American Monsoon using numerical models and precipitation stable isotopes. Journal Hydrometeor, 16, 19-35.
Huffman, G. J., Adler, R. F., Bolvin, D. T., Gu, G. J., Nelkin, E. J., Bowman, K. P., Hong, Y., Stocker, E. F., & Wolff, D. B. (2007). The TRMM multisatellite precipitation analysis (TMPA): Quasi-global, multiyear, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 8, 38-55.
Hurd, W. E. (1929). Northers of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. Monthly Weather Review, 57, 192-194.
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, … & Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bulletin American Meteorological Society, 77, 437-471.
Karnauskas, K. B., Seager, R., Giannini, A., & Busalacchi, A. J. (2013). A simple mechanism for the climatological midsummer drought along the Pacific coast of Central America. Atmósfera, 28, 261-281.
Kessler, W. (2006). The circulation of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review. Progress in Oceanography, 69, 181-217.
Klotzbach, P. J. (2010). On the Madden-Julian oscillation-Atlantic hurricane relationship. Journal of Climate, 23, 282-293. doi:10.1175/2009JCLI2978.1
Klotzbach, P. J., & Oliver, E. C. J. (2015). Modulation of Atlantic basin tropical cyclone activity by the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) from 1905 to 2011. Journal of Climate, 28, 204-217. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00509.1
Knippertz, P., & Martin, J. E. (2007). A Pacific moisture conveyor belt and its relationship to a significant precipitation event in the semiarid southwestern United States. Weather and Forecasting, 22, 125-144.
Kumar, B. P., Vialard, J., Lengaigne, M., Murty, V. S. N., & McPhaden, M. J. (2012). TropFlux: Air-Sea Fluxes for the Global Tropical Oceans - Description and evaluation. Climate Dynamics, 38, 1521-1543.
Kurian, J., Colas, F., Capet, X., McWilliams, J. C., & Chelton, D. B. (2011). Eddy properties in the California current system. Journal of Geophysical Research (Oceans), 116(C8), 18. doi:10.1029/2010JC006895
Lander, M. A., & Guard, C. P. (1998). A look a global tropical cyclone activity during 1995: Contrasting high Atlantic activity with low activity in other basins. Monthly Weather Review, 126, 1163-1173.
Lavers, D. A., & Villarini, G. (2013). The nexus between atmospheric rivers and extreme precipitation across Europe. Geophysical Research Letters, 40, 3259-3264. doi:10.1002/grl.50636
Lavers, D. A., Villarini, G., Allan, R. P., Wood, E. F., & Wade, A. J. (2012). The detection of atmospheric rivers in atmospheric reanalyses and their links to British winter floods and the large-scale climatic circulation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, D20106. doi: 10.1029/2012JD018027
Liang, J-H., McWilliams, J. C., Kurian, J., Colas, F., Wang, P., & Uchiyama, Y. (2012). Mesoscale variability in the northeastern tropical Pacific: Forcing mechanisms and eddy properties. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117. doi: 10.1029/2012JC008008
Ma, C.-C., Mechoso, C. R., Robertson, A. W., & Arakawa, A. (1996). Peruvian stratus clouds and the tropical Pacific circulation: A coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM study. Journal of Climate, 9, 1635-1645.
Madden, R. A., & Julian, P. R. (1972). Description of global-scale circulation cells in the Tropics with a 40-50 day period. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 29, 1109-1123.
Maddox, R. A., McCollum, D. M., & Howard, K. W. (1995). Large-scale patterns associated with severe summertime thunderstorms over Central Arizona. Weather and Forecasting, 10, 763-778.
Magaña, V., & Caetano, E. (2005). Temporal evolution of summer convective activity over the Americas warm pools. Geophysical Research Letters, 32. doi: 10.1029/2004GL021033
Magaña, V., Amador, J. A., & Medina, S. (1999). The Mid-Summer Drought over México and Central America. Journal of Climate, 12, 1577-1588.
Mahadevan, A. (2014). Ocean science: Eddy effects on biogeochemistry. Nature, 506, 168-169. doi:10.1038/nature13048
Maloney, E. D., & Esbensen, S. K. (2007). Satellite and buoy observations of boreal summer intraseasonal variability in the tropical northeast Pacific. Monthly Weather Review, 135, 3-19.
Mapes, B. E., Liu, P., & Buenning, N. (2005). Indian Monsoon Onset and the Americas Midsummer Drought: Out-of-Equilibrium Responses to Smooth Seasonal Forcing. Journal of Climate, 18, 1109-1115.
Martin, E., & Schumacher, C. (2011). Modulation of Caribbean precipitation by the Madden-Julian oscillation. Journal of Climate, 24, 813-824.
Martínez-Castro, D., da Rocha, R. P., Bezanilla-Morlot, A., Alvarez-Escudero, L. J., Reyes-Fernández, P., Silva-Vidal, Y., & Arritt, R. W. (2006). Sensitivity studies of the RegCM3 simulation of summer precipitation, temperature and local wind field in the Caribbean Region. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 86, 5-22.
Martínez, I., Keigwin, L., Barrows, T. T., Yokoyama, Y., & Southon, J. (2003). La Niña like conditions in the eastern equatorial Pacific and a stronger Chocó Jet in the northern Andes during the last glaciation. Paleoceanography, 18(2), 1033.
Mechoso, C. R., Robertson, W., Ropelewski, C. F., & Grimm, A. M. (2005). The American monsoon systems. (The Global Monsoon sSystem: Research and Forecast: Report of the International Committee of the Third International Workshop on Monsoons (IWM-III). 2-6 November 2004, Hangzhou, China). Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization.
Méndez, M., & Magaña, V. (2010). Regional aspects of prolonged meteorological droughts over Mexico and Central America. Journal of Climate, 23, 1175-1188. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3080.1
Mesinger, F., DiMe, goG., Kalnay, E., Mitchell, K., Shafran, P. C., Ebisuzaki, W., ... & Shi, W. (2006). North American regional reanalysis. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 87(3), 343-360.
Mestas-Núñez, A., Enfield, D. B., & Zhang, C. (2007). Water vapor fluxes over Intra-Americas seasonal and interannual variability and association with rainfall. Journal of Climate, 20, 1910-1922.
Mo, K. C., Chelliah, M., & Carrera, M. L. (2005). Atmospheric moisture transport over the United States and Mexico as evaluated in the NCEP regional reanalysis. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 6, 710-728.
Muñoz, E., Busalacchi, A. J., Nigam, S., & Ruiz-Barradas, A. (2008). Winter and summer structure of the Caribbean Low-Level Jet. Journal of Climate, 21, 1260-1276.
Neiman, P. J., Ralph, F. M., Wick, G. A., Lundquist, J., & Dettinger, M. D. (2008). Meteorological characteristics and overland precipitation impacts of atmospheric rivers affecting the west coast of North America based on eight years of SSM/I satellite observations. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 9, 22-47.
Neiman, P. J., Schick, L. J., Ralph, F. M., Hughes, M., & Wick, G. A. (2011). Flooding in western Washington: The connection to atmospheric rivers. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 12, 1337-1358.
Palacios, D. M., & Bograd, S. J. (2005). A census of Tehuantepec and Papagayo eddies in the northeastern tropical Pacific. Geophysical Research Letters, 32(L23606). doi: 10.1029/2005GL024324.
Peña, M., & Douglas, M. W. (2002). Characteristics of Wet and Dry Spells over the Pacific side Central America during the rainy season. Monthly Weather Review, 130(12), 3054-3073.
Portig, W. (1965). Central American rainfall. Geographical Review, 55(1), 68-90.
Poveda, G., & Mesa, O. J. (2000). On the existence of Lloró (the rainiest locality on Earth): Enhanced ocean-land-atmosphere interaction by a low-level jet. Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 1675-1678.
Poveda, G., Mesa, O. J., Salazar, L. F., Arias, P. A., Moreno, H. A., Vieira, S. C., Agudelo, P., Toro, V. G., & Alvarez, J. F. (2005). Diurnal cycle of precipitation in the tropical Andes of Colombia. Monthly Weather Review, 133(1), 228-240.
Ralph, F. M., Neiman, P. J., & Wick, G. A. (2004). Satellite and CALJET aircraft observations of atmospheric rivers over the eastern North Pacific Ocean during the winter of 1997/98. Monthly Weather Review, 132, 1721-1745.
Ralph, F. M., Neiman, P. J., & Rotunno, R. (2005). Dropsonde observations in low-level jets over the northeastern Pacific Ocean from CALJET-1998 and PACJET-2001: Mean vertical-profile and atmospheric-river characteristics. Monthly Weather Review, 133, 889-910.
Ralph, F. M., Neiman, P. J., Wick, G. A., Gutman, S. I., Dettinger, M. D., Cayan, D. R., & White, A. B. (2006). Flooding on California’s Russian River: Role of atmospheric rivers. Geophysical Research Letters, 33 (L13801). doi: 10.1029/2006GL026689
Ralph, F. M., Neiman, P. J., Kiladis, G. N., Weickmann, K., & Reynolds, D. W. (2011). A multi-scale observational case study of a Pacific atmospheric river exhibiting tropical-extratropical connections and a mesoscale frontal wave. Monthly Weather Review, 139, 1169-1189. doi: 10.1175/2010MWR3596.1
Ranjha, R., Svensson, G., Tjernstrom, M., & Semedo, A. (2013). Global distribution and seasonal variability of coastal low-level jets derived from ERA-Interim reanalysis. Tellus A, 65, 20412. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v65i0.20412
Restrepo, J. D., & Kjerfve, B. (2004). The Pacifc and Caribbean rivers of Colombia: Water discharge, sediment transport, and dissolved loads. In L. D. Lacerda, R. E. Santelli, E. K. Duursma, & J. J. Abrao (Eds.), Environmental Geochemistry in Tropical and Subtropical Environments (pp. 169-187). Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag.
Reynolds, R. W., Smith, T. M., Liu, C., Dudley, B., Chelton, K., Casey, S., & Schlax, M. G. (2007). Daily High-Resolution-Blended Analyses for sea surface temperature. Journal of Climate, 20, 5473-5496.
Rivera, E. R., Domínguez, F., & Castro, C. L. (2014). Atmospheric rivers and cool season precipitation events in the Verde River basin of Arizona. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 15, 813-829.
Roberge, A., Gyakum, J. R., & Atallah, E. H. (2009). Analysis of intense poleward water vapor transports into high latitudes of western North America. Weather and Forecasting, 24, 1732-1747.
Roden, G. (1961). On the wind-driven circulation in the Gulf of Tehuantepec and its effect upon surface temperatures. Geofísica Internacional, 3, 55-72.
Romero-Centeno, R., Zavala-Hidalgo, J., & Raga, G. B. (2006). Midsummer gap winds and low-level circulation over the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Journal of Climate, 20, 3768-3784.
Ropelewski, C. F., Gutzler, D. S., Higgins, R. W., & Mechoso, C. R. (2005). The North American monsoon system. (The Global Monsoon System: Research and Forecast: Report of the International Committee of the Third International Workshop on Monsoons (IWM-III). 2-6 November 2004, Hangzhou, China). Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization.
Saha, S., Moorthi, S., Pan, H. L., Wu, X., Wang, J., Nadiga, S., Tripp, P., Kistler, R., … & Goldberg, M. (2010). The NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 91, 1015-1057.
Salinas, J. A. (2006). Dinámica de las ondas del este y su interacción con el flujo medio en el Caribe. (Ph. D. Thesis). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F.
Savijarvi, H., Niemela, S., & Tisler, P. (2005). Coastal winds and low-level jets: Simulations for sea gulfs. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 131, 625-637. doi: 10.1256/qj.03.177.
Schmitz, J. T., & Mullen, S. L. (1996). Water vapor transport associated with the summertime North American monsoon as depicted by ECMWF analyses. Journal of Climate, 9, 1621-1634.
Serra, Y. L., Kiladis, G. N., & Hodges, K. I. (2010). Tracking and mean structure of easterly waves over the Intra-Americas Sea. Journal of Climate, 23(18), 4823-4840.
Serra, Y. L., Jiang, X., Tian, B., Amador-Astúa, J., Maloney, E. D., & Kiladis, G. N. (2014). Tropical intraseasonal modes of the atmosphere. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 39, 189-215.
Stohl, A., Forster, C., & Sodemann, H. (2008). Remote sources of water vapor forming precipitation on the Norwegian west coast at 60° N - A tale of hurricanes and an atmospheric river. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113(D05102). doi: 10.1029/2007JD009006
Stumpf, H. G. (1975). Satellite detection of upwelling in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 5(2), 383-388.
Sugi, M., Noda, A., & Sato, N., (2002). Influence of the global warming on tropical cyclone climatology: An experiment with the JMA global model. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 80, 249-272.
Taylor, M. A., Enfield, D. B., & Chen, A. A. (2002). Influence of the tropical Atlantic versus the tropical Pacific on Caribbean rainfall. Journal of Geophysical Research (Oceans), 107, 3127.
Ubelmann, C., & Fu, L. L. (2011). Cyclonic eddies formed at the Pacific tropical instability wave fronts. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116(C12). doi:10.1029/2011JC007204
Umatani, S., & Yamagata, T. (1991). Response of the Eastern Tropical Pacific to meridional migration of the ITCZ: The generation of the Costa Rica Dome. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 21, 346-363.
Uppala, S. M., Kållberg, P. W., Simmons, A. J., Andrae, U., da Costa Bechtold, V., Fiorino, M., Gibson, J. K., Haseler, J., … & Woollen, J. (2005). The ERA-40 re-analysis. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 131, 2961-3012.
Velázquez-Muñoz, F. A., Martínez, J. A., & Durazo, R. (2014). Numerical simulation of ocean response by offshore wind stress events. In J. Klapp & A. Medina (Eds.), Experimental and Computational Fluid Mechanics (pp. 93-110). Geneva, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Ventrice, M. J., Thorncroft, C. D., & Roundy, P. E. (2011). The Madden-Julian oscillation’s influence on African easterly waves and downstream tropical cyclogenesis. Monthly Weather Review, 139, 2704-2722. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-10-05028.1
Vera, C., Higgins, W., Amador, J. A., Ambrizzi, T., Garreaud, R., Gochis, D., & Zhang, C. (2006). Toward a unified view of the American monsoon systems. Journal of Climate, 19(20), 4977-5000.
Viale, M., & Núñez, M. N. (2011). Climatology of winter orographic precipitation over the subtropical central Andes and associated synoptic and regional characteristics. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 12, 481-507.
Wang, C. (2007) Variability of the Caribbean low-level jet and its relations to climate. Climate Dynamics, 29, 411-422.
Wang, C., & Enfield, D. B. (2001). The tropical Western Hemisphere warm pool. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(8), 1635-1638.
Wang, C., & Enfield, D. B. (2003). A further study of the tropical Western Hemisphere warm pool. Journal of Climate, 16, 1476-1493.
Wang, C., & Lee, S.-K. (2007). Atlantic warm pool, Caribbean low-level jet, and their potential impact on Atlantic hurricanes. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(L02703). doi: 10.1029/2006GL028579
Wang, C., Enfield, D. B., Lee S. K., & Landsea, C. W. (2006). Influences of the Atlantic warm pool on Western Hemisphere summer rainfall and Atlantic hurricanes. Journal of Climate, 19(12), 3011-3028.
Wang, C., Lee, S. K., & Enfield, D. B. (2008). Climate response to anomalously large and small Atlantic warm pools during the summer. Journal of Climate, 21, 2437.
Wheeler, M. C., & Hendon, H. H. (2004). An all-season real-time multivariate MJO index: Development of an index for monitoring and prediction. Monthly Weather Review, 132, 1917-1932.
Whyte, F. S., Taylor, M. A., Stephenson, T. S., & Campbell, J. D. (2008). Features of the Caribbean low level jet. International. Journal of Climatology, 28(1), 119-128.
Willett, C. S., Leben, R., & Lavín, M. F. (2006). Eddies and tropical instability waves in the eastern tropical Pacific: A review. Progress in Oceanography, 69(2), 218-238.
Xie, S., Xu, H., Kessler, W., & Nonaka, M. (2005). Air-sea interaction over the eastern Pacific warm pool: Gap winds, thermocline dome, and atmospheric convection. Journal of Climate, 18, 5-20.
Yu, L., Jin, X., & Weller, R. A. (2008). Multidecade Global Flux Datasets from the Objectively Analyzed Air-sea Fluxes (OAFlux) Project: Latent and Sensible Heat Fluxes, Ocean Evaporation, and Related Surface Meteorological Variables Lisan Yu. (OAFlux Project Tech. Rep. OA-2008-01). Massachusetts, USA: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Yu, W., Han, W., Maloney, E. D., Gochis, D., & Xie, S. P. (2011). Observations of eastward propagation of atmospheric intraseasonal oscillations from the Pacific to the Atlantic. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116(D02101). doi: 10.1029/2010JD014336
Zamudio, L., Leonardi, A. P., Meyers S. D., & O’Brien, J. J. (2001) ENSO and eddies on the southwest coast of Mexico. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(1), 13-16.
Zamudio, L., Hurlburt, H. E., Metzger, E. J., Morey, S. J., O’Brien, J. J., Tilburg, C., & Zavala-Hidalgo, J. (2006). Interannual variability of Tehuantepec eddies. Journal of Geophysical Research, 11. doi: 10.1029/2005JC003182
Zhang, C. (2005). Madden-Julian oscillation. Reviews of Geophysics, 43(2), RG2003. doi: 10.1029/2004RG000158
Zhu, Y., & Newell, R. E. (1998). A proposed algorithm for moisture fluxes from atmospheric rivers. Monthly Weather Review, 126, 725-735.
Zuluaga, M. D., & Poveda, G. (2004). Diagnostics of mesoscale convective systems over Colombia and the eastern tropical Pacific during 1998-2002, Avances en Recursos Hidráulicos, 11, 145-160.
Comments
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2016 Revista de Biología Tropical