Keywords
biodiversidad β; conservación; riqueza de especies; reserva biológica urbana; bioindicadores de calidad de hábitat.
How to Cite
Abstract
Hesperiidae is one of the most diverse families of butterflies in Costa Rica, with approximately 486 species. Even so, there are few butterfly lists where this group has been included. In this paper, we present information on seasonality, abundance and natural history features of this family for the Leonelo Oviedo Ecological Reserve (RELO), a 2 ha forest embedded in an urban matrix. Over the course of two years, a monthly sampling was carried out on a 270 m trail across the Reserve from 08:00 to 12:00, collecting all the individuals located within 5 m on each side of the trail. To better represent the richness, individuals were also randomly collected for more than ten years, but the butterflies collected in this way were not included in the statistical analysis. Photographs were taken of all the species in order to provide an identification guide. For the cryptic species, drawings and dissections of the genitalia were made. For the community indexes we used Microsoft Excel and the Shannon index with base two logarithm. For the summary of the monthly data analysis were done according to dry and wet season. For a comparison of richness and abundance we did a g-test to evaluate if there are differences between seasons; however, with the use of the R package vegan a hierarchical cluster analysis was done using the Jaccard index with Wards minimum variance agglomerative method. With R package pvclust the uncertainty of the clusters based on a bootstrap with 10 000 iterations. 423 individuals of 49 species were included in the statistical analysis, from a total of 435 individuals of 58 species. A tendency to greater richness and abundance of skippers was found during the dry season. Through the cluster analysis, it was possible to determine that in relation to the diversity of skippers, both wet seasons are grouped significantly (P = 0.05). The dry seasons are also grouped significantly (P = 0.05). The reserve has connectivity with other green areas via a stream. During the wet season, plant growth increases connectivity, which could lead to the entry of new individuals of different species that are not permanent residents of RELO and establish small populations, increasing the richness and abundance of species. This added to the variation in the occurrence of some species of butterflies in response to seasonal variations and differences in the availability of resources in different seasons explains the grouping of species between seasons.
References
Austin, G. T. (1997). Notes on Hesperiidae in northern Guatemala, with descriptions of new taxa. Journal of the Lepidoterists’ Society, 51(4), 316-332.
Austin, G. T. (2008). Hesperiidae of Rondônia, Brazil: Taxonomic comments on ‘night’ skippers, with descriptions of new genera and species (Lepidoptera: Eudaminae). Insecta Mundi, 29, 1-36.
Austin, G. T., & Warren, A. (2009). New looks at and for Onespa, Buzyges, and Librita (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae), with new combinations and descriptions of a new genus and six new species. Insecta Mundi, 89, 1-55.
Bolaños, R., Watson, V., & Tosi, J. (2005). Mapa ecológico de Costa Rica (zonas de vida) según el sistema de clasificación de zonas de vida del mundo de L. R. Holdridge, escala 1:750 000. San José, Costa Rica: Centro Científico Tropical.
Burns, J. M., & Janzen, D. H. (2001). Biodiversity of Pyrrhopyeine skipper butterflies (Hesperiidae) in the Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society, 55(1), 15-43.
Chacón, I., & Montero, J. (2007). Mariposas de Costa Rica. Heredia, Costa Rica: Editorial INBio.
Coen, E. (1983). Climate. In D. H. Janzen (Ed.), Historia Natural de Costa Rica (pp. 666-690). San José, Costa Rica: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
Colwell, R. K., & Elsensohn, J. E. (2014). EstimateS turns 20: statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples, with non-parametric extrapolation. Ecography, 37. 609-613.
DeVries, P. J. (1983). Lista de mariposas. In D. H. Janzen (Ed.), Historia Natural de Costa Rica (pp. 666-690). San José, Costa Rica: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
DeVries, P.J. (1987). The Butterflies of Costa Rica and their Natural History. New Jersey: Princeton University.
DeVries, P.J., Schull, J., & Greig, N. (1987). Synchronous nocturnal activity and gregarious roosting in the neotropical skipper butterfly Calaenorrhinus fritzgaertneri (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 89, 89-103.
DeVries, J.P., & Walla, T. (2001). Species diversity and community structure in neotropical fruit-feeding butterflies. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 74, 1-15.
DiStefano, J.F., Nielsen, V., Hoomans, J., & Fournier, L.A. (1996). Regeneración de la vegetación arbórea en una pequeña reserva forestal urbana del nivel premontano húmedo, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 44(2), 575-580.
Emmel, T.C., & Leck, C.F. (1970). Seasonal changes in organization of tropical rain forest butterfly populations in Panama. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 8(4), 133-152.
Fulton, M. (1996). A list of Lepidoptera collected in Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 14(2), 287-292.
Godman, F.D., & Salvin, O. (1887-1901). Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Lepidoptera-Rhopalocera. London: Dulau & Co., Bernard Quaritch.
Hayward, K.J. (1941). Two new neotropical Hesperiidae. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 45(1), 62-63.
Keer, J. T., Sugar, A., & Packer, L. (2000). Indicator taxa, rapid biodiversity assessment, and nestedness in an endangered ecosystem. Conservation Biology, 14(6), 1726-1734.
Kronforst, M.R., & Fleming, T.H. (2001). Lack of genetic differentiation among widely sapaced subpopulations of a butterfly with home rangebehaviour. Heredity, 86, 243-250.
Lande, R. (1988). Genetics and demography in biological conservation. Science, 241 (4872), 1455-1460.
MacArthur, R.H., & Wilson, E.O. (1967). The Theory of Island Biogeography. New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press.
Moyers-Arévalo, L., & Cano-Santana, Z. (2009). Fenología de la comunidad de mariposas diurnas y su relación con la fenología floral de las plantas y otros factores ambientales. In A. Lot & Z. Cano-Santana (Eds.), Biodiversidad del Pedregal de San Ángel (pp. 411-419). D.F. México: UNAM, Reserva Ecológica del Pedregal de San Ángel y Coordinación de la Investigación Científica.
Murillo-Hiller, L. R. (2008). Clave dicotómica para la identificación de las familias de mariposas (Rhopalocera) pertenecientes a las superfamilias Papilionoidea y Hesperioidea. Métodos en Ecología y Sistemática, 3(2), 6-11.
Nishida, K., Nakamura, I., & Morales, C. O. (2009). Plants and butterflies of a small urban preserve in the Central Valley of Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 57(1), 31-67.
Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F.G., Friendly, M., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., McGlinn, D., … Wagner, H. (2017). vegan: Community Ecology Package. Retrieved from https://github.com/vegandevs/vegan
Owen, D. F. (1971). Species diversity in butterflies in a tropical garden. Biological Conservation, 3, 191-198.
Pearson, D. (1994). Selecting indicator taxa for the quantitative assessment of biodiversity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 354(1311), 75-79.
Pollard, E. (1997). A method for assessing changes in the abundance of butterflies. Biological Conservation, 12(2), 115-134.
Ramírez-Restrepo, L., & MacGregor-Fors, I. (2017). Butterflies in the city: a review
of urban diurnal Lepidoptera. Urban Ecosystems, 20, 171-182.
Sánchez, J., Duran, F., & Vega, G. (2008). Diversidad de Plantas, Mamíferos y Mariposas en los Cerros de La Carpintera, Costa Rica. Informe Interno de Proyecto. Departamento de Historia Natural. Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. San José, Costa Rica: Ministerio de Cultura y Juventud.
Scoble, M. J. (1992). The Lepidoptera: Form, Function, and Diversity. Oxford University Press. New York.
Scott J. A., & Epstein, M.E. (1987). Factors affecting phenology in a temperate insect community. American Midland Naturalist, 117(1), 103-118.
Shreeve T.G., & Mason, C.F. (1980). The number of butterfly species. Oecologia, 45, 414-418.
Suzuki, R., & Shimodaira, H. (2015). Pvclust: an R package for assessing the uncertainty in hierarchical clustering. Retrieved from http://stat.sys.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp/prog/pvclust/.
Torres, C., Osorio-Beristain M. Mariano, N., & Legal, L. (2009). Sex-dependent seasonal feeding activity variations among two species of Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera) in the
Mexican tropical dry forest. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 45(3), 265-274.
Valtonen, A., Molleman, F., Chapman, C. A., Carey, J.R., Ayres, M. P., &. Roininen, H. (2013). Tropical phenology: bi-annual rhythms and interannual variation in an Afrotropical butterfly assemblage. Ecosphere, 4(3), 36. DOI: 10.1890/ES12-00338.1
Vega, G. (2006). Diversidad de mariposas diurnas (Lepdiotera: Rhopalocera) en los Cerros de Escazú, Costa Rica. Brenesia, 65, 43-53.
Vega, G. (2012). Mariposas diurnas de El Rodeo: diversidad y composición. Brenesia, 77, 271-296.
Vega, G., & Gloor, P. (2001). Lista preliminar de mariposas diurnas (Hesperioidea: Papilionoidea) de la Zona Protectora El Rodeo, Ciudad Colón, Costa Rica. Brenesia, 55/56, 101-122.
Warren, A., Ogawa, J. R., & Browner, A. V. Z. (2008). Phylogenetic relationships of subfamilies and circumscription of tribes in the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea). Cladistics, 24(5), 642-676.
Warren, A., Ogawa, J. R., & Browner, A. V. Z. (2009). Revised classification of the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea) based on combined molecular and morphological data. Systematic Entomology, 34(3), 467-523.
Comments
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2019 Revista de Biología Tropical