Keywords
Acropora; Caribe; El Niño; Pacífico; Pavona; Pocillopora; Porites; sobrevivencia; tasa de crecimiento; viveros.
How to Cite
Abstract
Introduction: Costa Rica has been recognized worldwide for its high biodiversity and the conservation actions it has implemented. One of the most iconic ecosystems are coral reefs, which have experienced strong anthropogenic and natural pressures in recent years. To ensure these ecosystems’ preservation and services, a series of coral restoration initiatives have emerged in the last ten years along both Pacific and Caribbean coasts.
Objective: To document the different advances of the various coral restoration initiatives Costa Rica’s Pacific and Caribbean coasts.
Methods: This review focuses on the implementation of the different reef restoration efforts, indicating the restoration techniques used, the coral species used in the nurseries, as well as the general results of survival and growth.
Results: The first coral restoration project in Costa Rica occurred in the 1990s and was the only such effort until the 2010s. In 2013, a pilot project began in the Golfo Dulce area, which was later replicated in other areas of the country, such as Manuel Antonio, Sámara, and Bahía Culebra on the Pacific coast, and more recently in Punta Cahuita in the Caribbean. Various artificial structures have been used as nurseries in the water column such as trees and ropes, and benthic structures such like A-frames, tables, and spiders, the former being very effective for branching species (Pocillopora spp.), while the rest have worked successfully both for branched and massive species (Pavona spp. and Porites spp.). The results shows a growth rates have been between 6 and 9 cm/year, with survival of 60–90 % of the branching and massive colonies. All sites were seriously affected by the El Niño 2023 phenomenon, with high bleaching values and loss of colonies in the nurseries and on the reef.
Conclusion: Despite geographic and oceanographic distinctions, these projects have emphasized local engagement and perception of coral reefs, fostered intersectoral public-private collaborations for financial and human resources, and operated within established governmental regulatory frameworks. All projects face vulnerabilities such as El Niño events and Harmful Algal Blooms.
References
Alvarado, J. J., Beita-Jiménez, A., Mena, S., Fernández-García, C., Cortés, J., Sánchez-Noguera, C., Jiménez, C., & Guzmán, A. G. (2018). Cuando la conservación no puede seguir el ritmo del desarrollo: Estado de salud de los ecosistemas coralinos del Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 66(S1), 280–308. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v66i1.33300
Alvarado, J. J., Sánchez-Noguera, C., Arias-Godínez, G., Araya, T., Fernández-García, C., & Guzmán, A. G. (2020). Impact of El Niño 2015-2016 on the coral reefs of the Pacific of Costa Rica: the potential role of marine protection. Revista de Biología Tropical, 68(S1), 271–282. https://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v68is1.41190
Anthony, K. R., Marshall, P. A., Abdulla, A., Beeden, R., Bergh, C., Black, R., Eakin, C. M., Game, E. T., Gooch, M., Graham, N. A. J., Green, A., Heron, S. F., van Hooidonk, R., Knowland, C., Mangubhai, S., Marshall, N., Maynard, J. A., McGinnity, P., McLeod, E., … Wear, S. (2015). Operationalizing resilience for adaptive coral reef management under global environmental change. Global Change Biology, 21, 48–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12700
Anthony, K., Bay, L. K., Costanza R., Firn, J., Gunn, J., Harrison, P., Heyward, A., Lundgren, P., Mead, D., Moore, T., Mumby, P. J., van Oppen, M. J. H., Robertson, J., Runge, M. C., Suggett, D. J., Schafelke, B., Wachenfeld, D., & Walshe, T. (2017). New interventions are needed to save coral reefs. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1, 1420–1422. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0313-5
Baums, I. B., Baker, A. C., Davies, S. W., Grottoli, A. G., Kenkel, C. D., Kitchen, S. A., Kuffner, I. B., LaJeunesse, T. C., Matz, M. V., Miller, M. W., Parkinson, J. E., & Shantz, A. A. (2019). Considerations for maximizing the adaptive potential of restored coral populations in the western Atlantic. Ecological Applications, 29(8), e01978. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1978
Bayraktarov, E., Banaszak, A. T., Montoya Maya, P., Kleypas, J., Arias-González, J. E., Blanco, M., Calle-Triviño J., Charuvi, N., Cortés-Useche, C., Galván, V., García-Salgado, M. A., Gnecco, M., Guendulain-García, S. D., Hernández-Delgado, E. A., Marín-Moraga, J. A., Maya, M. F., Mendoza-Quiroz, S., Mercado-Cervantes, S., Morikawa, M., … Frías-Torres, S. (2020). Coral reef restoration efforts in Latin American countries and territories. PLoS ONE, 15(8), e0228477. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228477
Bayraktarov, E., Stewart-Sinclair, P. J., Brisbane, S., Boström-Einarsson, L., Saunders, M. I., Lovelock, C.E., Possingham, H. P., Mumby, P. J., & Wilson, K. A. (2019). Motivation, successs, and cost of coral reef restoration. Restoration Ecology, 27(5), 981–991. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12977
Bezy, M. B., Jimenez, C., Cortés, J., Segura, A., León, A., Alvarado, J. J., & Guillén, C. (2006). Contrasting Psammocora dominated coral communities in Costa Rica, tropical eastern Pacific. Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, 376–381.
Bonney, R., Ballard, H., Jordan, R., McCaliie, E., Phillips, T., Shirk, J., & Wilderman, C. C. (2009). Public participation in scientific research: defining the field and assessing it’s potential for informal science education. A CAISE Inquiry Group Report [Technical report]. Center for Advancement of Informal Science Education.
Bostrom-Einarsson, L., Bayraktarov, E., Ceccarelli D., Cook, N., Ferse, S. C. A., Hancock, B., Harrison, P., Hein, M., Shaver, E., Smith, A., Suggett, D., Stewart-Sinclair, P. J., Vardi, T., & McLeod, I. (2020). Coral restoration – A systematic review of current methods, successes, failures and future directions. PLoS One, 15(1), e0226631. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226631
Bowden-Kerby, A. (1997). Coral transplantation in sheltered habitats using unattached fragments and cultured colonies. Proceedings 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, 2, 2063–2068.
Bowden-Kerby, A., Quinn, N., Stennet, M., & Mejia, A. (2005). Acropora cervicornis restoration to support coral reef conservation in the Caribbean. NOAA Coastal Zone, 5, 7–10.
Campos, J., & Guzmán, H. (1986). An artificial reef for artisanal fisheries enhancement in Costa Rica. NAGA, 9(2), 21.
Campos, J., & Gamboa, C. (1989). An artificial tire reef in a tropical marine system: A management tool. Bulletin of Marine Science, 44(2), 757–766.
Chomitz, B. R., Kleypas, J. A., Cortés, J., & Alvarado, J. J. (2023a). Succesion of sessile benthic community at a coral reef restoration site. Revista de Biología Tropical, 71(S1), e54881. https://doi.org/10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v71iS1.54881
Chomitz, B. R., Kleypas, J. A., Cortés, J., & Alvarado, J. J. (2023b). Change in the composition of fauna associated with Pocillopora spp. (Scleractinia, Pocilloporidae) following transplantation. Revista de Biología Tropical, 71(S1), e54882. https://doi.org/10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v71iS1.54882
Cigliano, J. A., Meyer, R., Ballard, H. L., Freitag, A., Phillips, T. B., & Wasser, A. (2015). Making marine and coastal citizen science matter. Ocean & Coastal Management, 115, 77–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.06.012
Combillet, L., Fabregat-Malé, S., Mena, S., Marín-Moraga, J. A., Gutierrez, M., & Alvarado, J. J. (2022). Pocillopora spp. growth analysis on restoration structures in an Eastern Tropical Pacific upwelling area. PeerJ, 10, e13248. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13248
Cortés, J. (1990a). Coral reef decline in Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica, eastern Pacific: anthropogenic and natural disturbances (Ph.D. Dissertation). University of Miami, United States of America.
Cortés, J. (1990b). The coral reefs of Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica: distribution and community structure. Atoll Reserach Bulletin, 344, 1–37.
Cortés, J. (1992). Los arrecifes coralinos de Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica: aspectos ecológicos. Revista de Biología Tropical, 40 (1), 19–26.
Cortés, J. (1994). A reef under siltation stress: a decade of degradation. In Ginsburg, R. N. (Compiler), Proceedings of the Colloquium on Global Aspects of Coral Reefs: Health, Hazards and History, 1993. (pp. 240–246). Miami, Florida, U.S.A.: RSMAS, University of Miami.
Cortés, J. (2012). Historia de la investigación marino-costera en Bahía Culebra, Pacífico Norte, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 60(S2), 19–37. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v60i2.19961
Cortés, J. (2016). The Caribbean coastal and marine ecosystems. In M. Kappelle (Ed.), Costa Rican Ecosystems (pp. 591–617). University of Chicago Press.
Cortés, J., & Guzman, H. (1998). Organismos de los arrecifes coralinos de Costa Rica: descripción, distribución geográfica e historia natural de los corales zooxantelados (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) del Pacífico. Revista de Biología Tropical, 46, 55–92. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v46i1.19353
Cortés, J., & Jiménez, C. E. (2003a). Past, present and future of the coral reefs of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. In J. Cortés (Ed.), Latin American Coral Reefs (pp. 223–239). Elsevier Science B.V.
Cortés, J., & Jiménez, C. E. (2003b). Corals and coral reefs of the Pacific of Costa Rica: history, research and status. In J. Cortés (Ed.), Latin American Coral Reefs (pp. 361–385). Elsevier Science B.V.
Cortés, J., Jiménez, C., Fonseca, A., & Alvarado, J. J. (2010). Status and conservation of coral reefs in Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 58(S1), 33–50. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v58i1.20022
Dean, A. J., Church, E. K., Loder, J., Fielding, K. S., & Wilson, K. A. (2018). How do marine and coastal citizen science experiences foster environmental engagement? Journal of Environmental Management, 213, 409–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.02.080
Edwards, A., & Gómez, E. (2007). Reef Restoration Concepts & Guidelines: making sensible management choices in the face of uncertainty [Technical report]. Coral Reef Targeted Research & Capacity Building for Management Program.
Fabregat-Malé, S. (2022). Restaurando el arrecife: estrategias para el crecimiento de corales en viveros in situ en Bahía Culebra, Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica [Tesis de Maestría en Biología], Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.
Fabregat-Malé, S., Mena, S., & Alvarado, J. J. (2023). Nursery-reared coral outplanting success in an upwelling-influenced area in Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 71(S1), e54879. https://doi.org/10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v71iS1.54879
Fabregat-Malé, S., Mena-González, S., Quesada-Perez, F., & Alvarado, J. J. (2024). Testing the feasibility of coral nurseries in an upwelling area in the North Pacific of Costa Rica. Frontiers in Marine Sciences, 11, 1400026. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1400026
Fernández-García, C., Cortés, J., Alvarado, J. J., & Nivia-Ruiz, J. (2012). Physical factors contributing to the benthic dominance of the alga Caulerpa sertularioides (Caulerpaceae, Chlorophyta) in the upwelling Bahía Culebra, north Pacific of Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 60(S2), 93–107.
Flores-Aguilar, A., Aguilar-Robledo, M., Reyes-Hernández, H., & Guzmán-Chávez, M. G. (2018). Gobernanza ambiental y pagos por servicios ambientales en América Latina. Sociedad y Ambiente, 16, 7–31.
Forrester, G., Baily, P., Conetta, D., Forrester, L., Kintzing, E., & Jarecki, L. (2015). Comparing monitoring data collected by volunteers and professionals shows that citizen scientists can detect long-term change on coral reefs. Journal for Nature Conservation, 24, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2015.01.002
Gann, G. D., McDonald,T., Walder, B., Aronson, J., Nelson, C. R., Jonson, J., Hallett, J. G., Eisenberg, C., Guariguata, M. R., Liu, J., Hua, F., Echeverría, C., Gonzales, E., Shaw, N., Decleer, K., & Dixon, K. W. (2019). International principles and standards for the practiceof ecological restoration. Second edition. Restoration Ecology, 27(S1), S1–S46. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13035
Garza, J. (2019). Arrecifes artificiales ayudarán a salvar la ecología marina. La República. https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/arrecifes-artificiales-ayudaran-a-salvar-ecologia-marina
Guzman, H. (1991). Restoration of coral reefs in Pacific Costa Rica. Conservation Biology, 5, 189–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00123.x
Guzman, H. M., & Cortés, J. (1989). Growth rates of eight species of scleractinian corals in the Eastern Pacific (Costa Rica). Bulletin of Marine Science, 44(3), 1186–1194.
Guzman, H., Campos, J., Gamboa, C., & Bussing, W. A. (1988). Un arrecife artificial de llantas: Su potencial para el manejo de pesquerías. Anales del Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Autónoma de México, 15, 249–254.
Hagedorn, M., Page, C. A., O’Neil, K. L., Flores, D. M., Tichy, L., Conn, T., Chamberland, V. F., Lager, C., Zuchowicz, N., Lohr, K., Blackburn, H., Vardi, T., Moore, J., Moore, T., Baums, I. B., Vermeij, M. J. A., & Marhaver, K. L. (2021). Assisted gene flow using cryopreserved sperm in critically endangered coral. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences 118(38), e2110559118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2110559118
Harriott, V. J., & Harrison, P. L. (1984). Methods to accelerate the recolonization of corals in damaged reef systems [Technical report]. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Australian Government.
Hesley, D., Burdeno, D., Drury, C., Schopmeyer, S., & Lirman, D. (2017). Citizen science benefits coral reef restoration activities. Journal for Nature Conservation, 40, 94–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2017.09.001
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Skirving, W., Dove, S. G., Spady, B. L., Norrie, A., Geiger, E. F., Liu, G., De La Cour, J. L., & Manzello, D. P. (2023). Coral reefs in peril in a record-breaking year: Climate change and its impacts on coral reefs have reached unchartered territory. Science, 382(6676), 1238–1240. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adk4532
Hughes, T. P., Anderson, K. D., Connolly, S. R., Heron, S. F., Kerry, J. T., Lough, J. M., Baird , A. H., Baum, J. K., Berumen M. L., Bridge, T. C., Claar, D. C., Eakin, C. M., Gilmour, J. P., Graham, N. A. J., Harrison, H., Hobbs, J. P. A., Hoey, A. S., Hoogenboom, M., Lowe, ... Wilson, S. K. (2018). Spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene. Science, 359(6371), 80–83. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan8048
Infobae. (18 de febrero de 2021). Instalan “arrecifes artificiales” en las aguas de Costa Rica para darle hábitat a los animales. https://www.infobae.com/america/carbononews/2021/02/18/instalan-arrecifes-artificiales-en-las-aguas-de-costa-rica-para-darle-habitat-a-los-animales/
Inter Press Service. (1999). Costa Rica: Arrecifes artificiales regeneran hábitats marinos. https://ipsnoticias.net/1999/07/costa-rica-arrecifes-artificiales-regeneran-habitats-marinos/
Ishida-Castañeda, J., Pizarro, V., López-Victoria, M., & Zapata, F. A. (2020). Coral reef restoration in the Eastern Tropical Pacific: feasibility of the coral nursery approach. Restoration Ecology, 28(1), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13047
Jiménez, C. (2001). Bleaching and mortality of reef organisms during a warming event in 1995 on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 49(S2), 233–238.
Jiménez, C., Cortés, J., León, A., & Ruíz, E. (2001). Coral bleaching and mortality associated with the 1997-98 El Niño in an upwelling environment in the eastern pacific (Gulf of Papagayo, Costa Rica). Bulletin of Marine Science, 69, 151–169.
Kleypas, J., Allemand, D., Anthony, K., Baker, A. C., Beck, M. W., Hale, L. Z., Hilmi, N., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Hughes, T., Kaufman, L., Kayanne, H., Magnan, A. K., Mcleod, E., Mumby, P., Palumbi, S., Richmond, R. H., Rinkevich, B., Steneck, R. S., Voolstra, … Gattuso, J. P. (2021a). Designing a blueprint for coral reef survival. Biological Conservation, 257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109107
Kleypas, J. A., Villalobos-Cubero, T., Marin-Moraga, J. A., Cortés, J., & Alvarado, J. J. (2021b). Reef restoration in the eastern tropical Pacific, a case study in Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica. In D. Vaughan (Ed.), Active Coral Reef Restoration: Techniques for a Changing Planet (pp. 417–430). J. Ross Publishing.
La Nación. (3 de abril de 2000). Crean arrecife artificial. https://www.nacion.com/el-pais/crean-arrecife-artificial/BXGV6PYB6VBRDA3LLBOMIXSZQY/story/
La Nación. (30 de julio de 2004). Astronauta participa en hundimiento de barcos para crear arrecife. https://www.nacion.com/archivo/astronauta-participa-en-hundimiento-de-barcos-para-crear-arrecife/NQF5KFZUJVETNEHGQZ2XXXU4XM/story/
La Nación. (27 de noviembre de 2005). Estudiantes de Paquera crean arrecifes artificiales.
Lamont, T. A. C., Razak, T. B., Djohani, R., Janetski, N., Rapi, S., Mars, F., & Smith, D. J. (2022). Multi-dimensional approaches to scaling up coral reef restoration. Marine Policy, 143, 105199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105199
Larghi, P. (2022). Proyecto: Desarrollo de un mecanismo financiero innovador para la conservación de arrecifes de coral en República Dominicana SINAC: República Dominicana – Costa Rica – Alemania: informe de evaluación. Bolivia: Centro de Estudios y Proyectos S.R.L.
Linkimer, L., Arroyo, I., Mora, M., Vargas, A., Soto, G., Barquero, R., Rojas, W., Waldo, T., & Taylor, M. (2013). El terremoto de Sámara (Costa Rica) del 5 de setiembre del 2012 (Mw 7,6). Revista Geológica de América Central, 49, 73–82. https://doi.org/10.15517/rgac.v0i49.13104
Lirman, D., & Schopmeyer, S. (2016). Ecological solutions to reef degradation: optimizing coral reef restoration in the Caribbean and Western Atlantic. PeerJ, 4, e2597 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2597
Lirman, D., Thyberg, T., Herlan, J., Hill, C., Young-Lahiff, C., Schopmeyer, S., Huntington, B., Santos, R., & Drury, C. (2010). Propagation of the threatened staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis: methods to minimize the impacts of fragment collection and maximize production. Coral Reefs, 29(3), 729–735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-010-0621-6
Liñán-Cabello, M., Flore-Ramírez, L., Laurel-Sadoval, M., García, E., Soriano, O., & Delgadillo-Nuño, M. (2010). Acclimation in Pocillopora spp. during a coral restoration program in Carrizales Bay, Colima, México. Marine and Freshwater Behavior and Physiology, 44, 61–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/10236244.2010.537440
Lizano, O. G. (2007). Climatología del viento y oleaje frente a las costas de Costa Rica. Ciencia y Tecnología, 25(1–2), 43–56.
Martínez, A. (8 de enero de 2021). Colocan primeros arrecifes artificiales en Playa Blanca. Delfino. https://delfino.cr/2021/01/colocan-primeros-arrecifes-artificiales-en-playa-blanca
Martínez-Castillo, V., Rodríguez-Troncoso, A. P., Tortolero-Langarica, J. J. A., & Cupul-Magaña, A. (2023). Active restoration efforts in the Central Mexican Pacific as a strategy for coral reef recovery. Revista de Biología Tropical, 71(S1), e54795. https://doi.org/10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v71iS1.54795
McLeod, E., Anthony, K. R., Mumby, P. J., Maynard, J., Beeden, R., Graham, N. A., Heron, S. F., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Jupiter, S., MacGowan, P., Mangubhai, S., Marshall, N., Marshall, P. A., McClanahan, T. R., Mcleod, K., Nyström, M., Obura, D., Parker, B., Possingham, H. P., … Tamelander, J. (2019). The future of resilience-based management in coral reef ecosystems. Journal of Environmental Management, 233, 291–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.034
McLeod, I. M., Hein, M. Y., Babcock, R., Bay, L., Bourne, D. G., Cook, N., Doropoulos, C., Gibbs, M., Harrison, P., Lockie, S., van Oppen, M. J. H., Mattocks, N., Page, C.A., Randall, C. J., Smith, A., Smith, H. A., Suggett, D. J., Taylor, B., Vella, K. J., … Boström-Einarsson, L. (2022). Coral restoration and adaptation in Australia: The first five years. PLoS ONE, 17(11), e0273325. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273325
Morales-Ramírez, A., Víquez, R., Rodríguez, K., & Vargas, M. (2001). Marea roja producida por Lingulodinium polyedrum (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae) en Bahía Culebra, Golfo de Papagayo, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 49(2), 19–23.
Mumby, P. J., Mason, R. A., & Hock, K. (2021). Reconnecting reef recovery in a world of coral bleaching. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 19(10), 702–713. https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10455
Navarro-Cerdas, S. (2013). “Costa Rica” como periferia del placer. Poder, colonialidad y resistencia en torno al turismo y la inmigración en Playa Matapalo [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica.
Ortiz-Malavasi, E. (2004). Efectividad del programa de pago de servicios ambientales por protección del bosque (PSA-Protección) como instrumento para mejorar la calidad de vida de los propietarios de bosque en zonas rurales. Revista Forestal Mesoamericana Kurú, 1(2), 11–21.
Palou-Zuñiga, N., Madrigal-Ballestero, R., Schlüter, J., & Alvarado, J. J. (2023). Applying the SES framework to coral restoration projects on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 71(S1), e54853. https://doi.org/10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v71iS1.54853
Papke, E., Wallace, B., Hamlyn, S., & Nowicki, R. (2021). Differential effects of substrate type and genet on growth of microfragments of Acropora palmata. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, 623963. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.623963
Pereira-Pérez, A. I., & Mairena-Rodríguez, N. (2011). La educación y la conservación de la naturaleza: Una alianza impostergable. Revista Electrónica Educare, 15, 221–230.
Pizzimenti, C. A., McCarthy, C. T., Powell, J. M., & Anderson, N. T. (2011). Mala Noche River estuary: assessing and raising community awareness (Bachelor’s Thesis). Worcester Polytechnic Institute. https://digital.wpi.edu/concern/student_works/nv935346t?locale=es
Quezada-Perez, F., Mena, S., Fernández-García, C., & Alvarado, J. J. (2023). Status of coral reef communities on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica: Are we talking about corals or macroalgae reefs? Oceans, 4(3), 315–332. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans4030022
Richardson, B. J., & Lefroy, T. (2016). Restoration dialogues: improving the governance of ecological restoration. Restoration Ecology, 24(5), 668–673. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12391
Rinkevich, B. (1995). Restoration strategies for coral reefs damaged by recreational activities: the use of sexual and asexual recruits. Restoration Ecology, 3(4), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.1995.tb00091.x
Rinkevich, B. (2005). Conservation of coral reefs through active restoration measures: recent approaches and last decade progress. Environmental Science and Technology 39(12), 4333–4342. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0482583
Robles-Payan, A., Reyes-Bonilla, H., & Cáceres-Martínez, C. (2021). Crecimiento y supervivencia de corales durante la fase inicial de cultivo en La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 92, e923594 https://doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2021.92.3594
Rodriguez, R., Báez-Taveras, D., Valcárcel-Abud, A., Evangelista-Pérez, D., Bello De Lillo, Y., & Matos Mercedes, J. (2022). Importancia de los viveros de coral y su impacto económico. Revista de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales, 68(1), 78–91. https://doi.org/1033413/aulahcs.2022.68i1.199
Rodriguez-Martinez, R. E., Banaszak, A. T., McField, M. D., Beltran-Torres, A. U., & Alvarez-Filip, L. (2014). Assessment of Acropora palmata in the Mesoamerican Reef System. PLoS One, 9, 4, e96140. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096140
Sánchez, F., & Azofeifa, J. (2018). Guía para la planificación e instalación de arrecifes artificiales en el área marina de pesca responsable Paquera-Tambor, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. [Technical report]. Fundación Corcovado. https://fundecooperacion.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Paquera-Guia-instalacion-ArrecifesArtificiales_AMPR-Paquera-Tambor.pdf
Sánchez-Noguera, C. (2012). Entre historias y culebras: más que una bahía (Bahía Culebra, Guanacaste, Costa Rica). Revista de Biología Tropical, 60(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v60i2.19960
Sánchez-Noguera, C., Jiménez, C., & Cortés, J. (2018). Desarrollo costero y ambientes marino-costeros en Bahía Culebra, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 66(S1), 309–327. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v66i1.33301
Sandoval, M., Villalobos-Cubero, T., Marín-Moraga, J. A., & Kleypas, J. (2022). New insights for a successful cultivation and transplantation of Porites lobata/Porites evermanni, south Pacific coast of Costa Rica [Congress speech, September 26-30, 2022]. Reef Futures 2022, Key Largo, Florida, United States of America.
Shaver, E. C., McLeod, E., Hein, M. Y., Palumbi, S. R., Quigley, K., Vardi, T., Mumby, P. J., Smith, D., Montoya-Maya, P., Muller, E. M., Banaszak, A. T., McLeod, I. M., & Wachenfeld, D. (2022). A roadmap to integrating resilience into the practice of coral reef restoration. Global Change Biology, 28, 4751–4764. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16212
Shafir, S., Van Rijn, J., & Baruch, R. (2006). Steps in the construction of underwater coral nursery, an essential component in reef restoration acts. Marine Biology, 149, 679–687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0236-6
Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación. (2013). Plan de Manejo Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio [Reporte técnico]. Sistema de Áreas de Conservación, Gobierno de Costa Rica. https://www.sinac.go.cr/ES/planmanejo/Paginas/pmacopac.aspx
Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación. (2016). Protocolo PRONAMEC: Protocolo para el monitoreo ecológico de formaciones coralinas [Reporte técnico]. Proyecto Consolidación de las Áreas Marinas Protegidas. Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y El Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial (GEF), San José, Costa Rica.
SINAC-GIZ. (2020). Protocolo para la restauración de arrecifes y comunidades coralinas de Costa Rica. [Reporte técnico]. Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación y Agencia de Cooperación Alemana, Costa Rica. https://www.sinac.go.cr/ES/docu/ASP/Protocolo%20Restauraci%C3%B3n%20Arrecifes%20y%20Cmunidades%20Coralinas%20CR%202020.pdf
Smith, D., Mars, F., Williams, S., van Oöstrum, J., McArdle, A., Rapi, S., Jompa, J., & Janetski, N. (2021). Case study Indonesia: Mars assisted reef restoration system (MARRS). In D. E. Vaughan (Ed.), Active coral restoration: techniques for a changing planet (pp. 463–481). J. Ross Publishing.
Soto-Méndez, M. (enero de 2021). Arrecifes artificiales: una opción para atraer biodiversidad y quitarle presión a natura. Ojo al clima. https://ojoalclima.com/articles/arrecifes-artificiales-una-opcion-para-atraer-biodiversidad-y-quitarle-presion-a-natura
Stuart-Smith, R. D., Brown, C. J., Ceccarelli, D. M., & Edgar, G. J. (2018). Ecosystem restructuring along the Great Barrier Reef following mass coral bleaching. Nature, 560, 92–96. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0359-9
Suding, K., Higgs, E., Palmer, M., Callicot, J. B., Anderson, C. B., Baker, M., Gutrich, J. J., Hondula, K. L., LaFevor, M. C., Larson, B. M. H., Randall, A., Ruhl, J. B., & Schwartzfewer, K. Z. S. (2015). Committing to ecological restoration: Efforts around the globe need legal and policy clarification. Science, 348 (6235), 638-640. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa4216
Suggett, D. J., Camp, E. F., Edmondson, J., Boström‐Einarsson, L., Ramler, V., Lohr, K., & Patterson, J. T. (2019). Optimizing return‐on‐effort for coral nursery and outplanting practices to aid restoration of the Great Barrier Reef. Restoration Ecology, 27, 683–693. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12916
Suggett, D. J., Guest, J., Camp, E. F., Edwards, A., Goergen, L., Hein, M., Humanes, A., Levy, J. S., Montoya-Maya, P. H., Smith, D. J., Vardi, T., Winters, R. S., & Moore, T. (2024). Restoration as a meaningful aid to ecological recovery of coral reefs. Ocean Sustainability, 3, 20. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44183-024-00056-8
Vardi, T., Hoot, W. C., Levy, J., Shaver, E., Winters, R. S., Banaszak, A. T., Baums, I. B., Chamberland, V. F., Cook, N., Gulko, D., Hein, M. Y., Kaufman, L., Loewe, M., Lundgren, P., Lustic, C., MacGowan, P., Matz, M. V., McGonigle, M., McLeod, I., … Montoya-Maya, P. H. (2021). Six priorities to advance the science and practice of coral reef restoration worldwide. Restoration Ecology, 29, e13498. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13498
Vargas, R., Gómez, C., Pérez, C., Umaña, E., & Acosta, M. (2020). “Jardinería” para la restauración coralina en el Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica: Una prueba práctica. UNED Research Journal, 12(1), e2809. https://doi.org/10.22458/urj.v11i3v12i1.2809
Villalobos-Cubero, T. (2019). Manejo integrado y restauración ecológica de los arrecifes y comunidades coralinas de Golfo Dulce, Pacífico Sur, Costa Rica [Tesis de Maestría]. Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica.
Villalobos-Cubero, T., Kleypas, J. A., Alvarado, J. J., & Cortés-Núñez, J. (2023). Percepción comunitaria sobre arrecifes coralinos en Golfo Dulce: bases para integración social en programas de restauración. Revista de Biología Tropical, 71(S1), e54862. https://doi.org/10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v71iS1.54862
Thorne, R. E., Hedgepeth, J. B., & Campos, J. (1989). Hydroacoustic observations of fish abundance and behavior around an artificial reef in Costa Rica. Bulletin of Marine Science, 44, 1058–1064.
Young, C. N., Schopmeyer, S. A., & Lirman, D. (2012). A review of reef restoration and coral propagation using the threatened genus Acropora in the Caribbean and Western Atlantic. Bulletin of Marine Science, 88, 1075–1098. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2011.1143
##plugins.facebook.comentarios##
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.