Resumen
Desde los puntos de vista bioquímico y farmacológico, las miotoxinas aisladas de venenos de serpientes se ubican en cuatro grupos: (1) Fosfolipasas A miotóxicas, (2) miotoxinas básicas de bajo peso molecular, (3) cardiotoxinas de venenos elapídeos y (4) miotoxinas hemorrágicas. Las fosfolipasas miotóxicas notexina, taipoxina, crotoxina y miotoxina de Bothrops asper afectan inicialmente la integridad de la membrana plasmática, induciéndose un influjo de calcio que culmina con la muerte celular. Las miotoxinas básicas de bajo peso molecular crotamina y miotoxina a actúan específicamente en los canales de sodio del sarcolema, induciendo un influjo de sodio que trae como consecuencia despolarización y contracción muscular y vacuolización del retículo sarcoplásmico. Las cardiotoxinas son polipéptidos básicos capaces de desorganizar la estructura de las membranas, siendo su acción miotóxica una consecuencia de la alteración drástica que las mismas inducen en el sarcolema del músculo esquelético. Finalmente, dos componentes hemorrágicos (toxina hemorrágica b y viriditoxina) poseen actividad miotóxica, habiéndose sugerido que este efecto es una consecuencia de la isquemia tisular resultante de la acción hemorrágica de estos componentes.
Citas
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Derechos de autor 1984 Revista de Biología Tropical