Palabras clave
erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities
DNA damage
heavy metal
fish
micronúcleos
anomalías nucleares de eritrocitos
daño en el ADN
metal pesado
peces
Cómo citar
Resumen
Comprender los efectos de los metales pesados en los ecosistemas acuáticos es de gran importancia debido a su potencial de bioacumulación en los diversos niveles tróficos y de inducir daños en el ADN. El mercurio, considerado uno de los metales pesados más peligrosos, causa fracturas cromosómicas (evento clastogénico) o disfunción del huso mitótico (evento aneugénico), y puede conducir a la formación de fragmentos de cromatina encapsulada en un núcleo separado más pequeño, generalmente denominado micronúcleo. En este trabajo se evalúa la sensibilidad del test de micronúcleos en el cíclido neotropical Andinoacara rivulatus (Günther 1860). Los peces fueron divididos en cuatro grupos de 16 individuos, y cada grupo se colocó en acuarios separados (140 L) provistos de agua filtrada y aireación constante. Los peces fueron expuestos al cloruro de mercurio (HgCl2) en dosis de 0.1, 0.25 y 0.50 mg/kg de peso corporal, administrada por inyección intraperitoneal (IP). Los peces del grupo control fueron inyectados con solución fisiológica. Se identificaron las siguientes anomalías en los eritrocitos: micronúcleos que varían en tamaño y posición en el citoplasma, núcleo con evaginaciones, células binucleadas núcleos con muesca (núcleos con una profunda invaginación hacia el centro). El examen de los frotis de sangre demostró un mayor nivel de eritrocitos micronucleados y con muesca en peces inyectados con HgCl2 que en los controles. Fueron detectadas diferencias significativas en la frecuencia de eritrocitos micronucleados y células con núcleos con muescas entre los grupos expuestos al mercurio. El análisis de regresión lineal reveló una relación positiva entre la frecuencia de eritrocitos micronucleados y con muescas (P< 0.0001), con un coeficiente de correlación moderadamente fuerte (R= 0.737). Se propone que, además de los dos mecanismos hasta ahora conocidos de formación de micronúcleos (daño del huso mitótico y rupturas cromosómicas), la fragmentación de la cromatina en núcleos con muesca probablemente a causa de la combinación de los efectos citotóxicos del mercurio y el estrés mecánico, podría ser un tercer mecanismo de génesis de micronúcleos.
Citas
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Derechos de autor 2019 Mauro Nirchio, Oscar Jesús Choco Ventimilla, Patricio Freddy Quizhpe Cordero, José Gregorio Hernández, Claudio Oliveira