Palabras clave
coastal zone
meiofauna abundance
microplastic abundance
pollution effect
sandy beaches
bentos
zona costera
abundancia de meiofauna
abundancia de microplásticos
efecto de contaminación
playas arenosas
Cómo citar
Resumen
Introducción: La contaminación por microplásticos es un problema global en los ecosistemas marinos, con impacto sobre microorganismos y ecosistemas en varios niveles espaciales. Las playas arenosas son ambientes de deposición donde se tiende a acumular gran cantidad de microplásticos. La co-ocurrencia de meiofauna intersticial y microplásticos en granos de arena plantea la pregunta de que si la acumulación de microplásticos en sedimentos afecta la abundancia y composición de comunidades de meiofauna. Objetivo: Probar la hipótesis de que microplásticos afectan la meiofauna de playas arenosas urbanas. Métodos: Estudiamos las tres principales playas arenosas urbanas de Santa Marta, Colombia: El Rodadero, Bahía Santa Marta y Taganga. Estas son similares en morfología y presiones externas, y difieren de las otras playas de la región. En abril 2019 recolectamos 81 muestras de arena, distribuidas de manera equidistante en la zona intermareal (nivel intermareal superior, medio y bajo). Aplicamos modelos lineales generalizados de abundancia, y pruebas permutacionales multivariantes a la composición de comunidades. Resultados: Identificamos 17 grupos taxonómicos de meiofauna, y partículas de microplástico (principalmente fibras de 45-500 micras) distribuidos equitativamente a lo largo de las playas y niveles intermareales. Hubo más meiofauna en el nivel intermareal medio, y en sedimentos de grano mediano y fino. A niveles intermareales más bajos, sitios con más microplásticos tuvieron menos meiofauna. Microplásticos “explicaron” 39 % de la variación en comunidades de meiofauna a niveles intermareales bajos. Conclusión: La acumulación de microplásticos tiene un impacto negativo sobre las comunidades de meiofauna intersticial. Esto no es de sorprender: los microplásticos ocupan el mismo volumen físico que estos animales, presuntamente modificando la estructura de sedimentos y la composición del agua intersticial.
Objetivo: como un paso adelante en esa dirección, se analizó la distribución de la microbasura y los principales grupos de meiofauna intersticial en playas arenosas y urbanas de la región de Santa Marta, Colombia, y su posible relación entre ambos factores.
Métodos: se seleccionaron las tres principales playas arenosas y urbanas de Santa Marta, norte de Colombia: El Rodadero, Bahía de Santa Marta y Taganga. Todas ellas son muy similares entre sí por su morfología y presiones externas, y difieren marcadamente de otras playas de la región. El muestreo se realizó en abril de 2019 con un total de 81 muestras distribuidas en la zona supramareal, zona intermareal y zona submareal. En cada punto, se recolectaron muestras para la cuantificación de microplásticos, la caracterización de comunidades de la meiofauna y el análisis granulométrico.
Resultados: se extrajeron un total de 1131 partículas de basuras, dominadas por fibras de entre 45 y 500 micrometros . Los modelos lineales generalizados mostraron que los microbasuras se distribuyeron uniformente en las playas y los niveles de las mareas, mientras que la abundancia de la meiofauna se vio significativamente afectada por la granulometría y el nivel de las mareas. Se detecto una correlación significativa entre la abundancia de microplásticos y la meiofauna en esos niveles, pese a la estimación pequeña. Además, las pruebas de permutaciòn multivariadas mostraron que la abundancia de microbasura explicó significativamente el 39,3% de la variación de las comunidades de la meiofauna en los niveles de marea más bajos.
Conclusiones: los resultados sugieren que la microbasura que se acumulan entre los granos de arena de la playa impactan negativamente en la diversidad de la meiofauna. Esto no sorprende, dado que los microbasura ocupa el mismo espacio físico que estos animales, posiblemente modificando la estructura de los sedimentos y la composición del agua intersticial.
Citas
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