Palabras clave
restauración de arrecifes de coral; Pacífico oriental tropical; fragmentos de oportunidad; tasa de crecimiento; ecología marina; Pocillopora.
Cómo citar
Resumen
Introducción: Las comunidades de arrecifes de coral se consideran uno de los ecosistemas marinos con mayor biodiversidad, pero también los más amenazados, y la pérdida acelerada de hábitat en las últimas décadas justifica la implementación de una intervención activa.
Objetivo: El presente estudio demuestra la implementación exitosa de una técnica de restauración de bajo impacto basada en la fragmentación natural (“fragmentos de oportunidad”) del coral ramificado Pocillopora spp., la cual es la especie coralina más abundante y principal productora de carbonato del Pacífico Oriental Tropical.
Métodos: El programa de restauración se implementó en dos sitios lejos de la costa y un sitio cercano a la costa, con comunidades coralinas degradadas. Las relaciones entre la temperatura del agua de mar y la supervivencia, el crecimiento y la tasa de adhesión de los corales se evaluaron durante un año con 183 fragmentos monitoreados cada mes.
Resultados: La tasa media de crecimiento coralino fue de 3.3 ± 0.1 mm mo-1, con tasas de crecimiento anual en largo y ancho de 39.9 ± 14.2 y 36.5 ± 19.5 mm año-1, respectivamente. La eficiencia de la auto-adherencia fue del 78 % y la tasa de supervivencia fue alta (84 %). La tasa de crecimiento difirió significativamente entre los arrecifes.
Conclusiones: Al monitorear directamente los corales fragmentados durante un año, las tasas de crecimiento se consideraron lo suficientemente altas como para merecer una restauración activa en la región. Sin embargo, nuestros datos muestran que las diferencias estructurales y abióticas y la variabilidad estacional deben considerarse en general en las iniciativas exitosas de restauración de comunidades de coral a largo plazo en la región del Pacífico oriental.
Citas
Alvarado, J. J., Grassian, B., Cantera-Kintz, J. R., Carballo, J. L., & Londoño-Cruz, E. (2017). Coral Reef Bioerosion in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. In: P. Glynn, D. Manzello, & I. Enochs (Eds.), Coral Reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific (Vol. 8, pp. 369–406). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7499-4_12
Álvarez-Filip, L., Dulvy, N. K., Gill, J. A., Côté, I. M., & Watkinson, A. R. (2009). Flattening of Caribbean coral reefs: region-wide declines in architectural complexity. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 297, 3019–3025. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0339
Anthony, K. R. N., & Fabricius, K. E. (2000). Shifting roles of heterotrophy and autotrophy in coral energetics under varying turbidity. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 252, 221–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(00)00237-9
Bautista-Guerrero, E., Carballo, J. L., & Maldonado, M. (2014). Abundance and reproductive patterns of the excavating sponge Cliona vermifera: a threat to Pacific coral reefs? Coral Reefs, 33, 259–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-013-1094-1
Bayraktarov, E., Saunders, M. I., Abdullah, S., Mills, M., Beher, J., Possingham, H. P., Mumby, P. J., & Lovelock, C. E. (2016). The cost and feasibility of marine coastal restoration. Ecological Applications, 26, 1055–1074. https://doi.org/10.1890/15-1077
Bayraktarov, E., Stewart-Sinclair, P. J., Brisbane, S., Boström-Einarsson, L., Saunders, M. I., Lovelock, C. E., Possingham H. P., Mumby, P. J., & Wilson, K. A. (2019). Motivations, success, and cost of coral reef restoration. Restoration Ecology, 27, 981–991
Beger, M., Sommer, B., Harrison, P. L., Smith, S. D., & Pandolfi, J. M., (2014). Conserving potential coral reef refuges at high latitudes. Diversity and Distributions, 20, 245–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12140
Boström-Einarsson, L., Babcock, R. C., Bayraktarov, E., Ceccarelli, D., Cook, N., Ferse, S. C., Hanckock, B., Harrison, P., Hein, M., Shaver, E., Smith, A., Suggett, D., Stewart-Sinclair, P., Vardi, T., & McLeod, I. M. (2020). Coral restoration–A systematic review of current methods, successes, failures and future directions. PLos One, 15(1), e0226631. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226631
Bowden-Kerby, A. (2001). Low-tech coral reef restoration methods modelled after natural fragmentation processes. Bulletin of Marine Science, 69, 915–931
Brainard, R.E., Oliver, T., McPhaden, M.J., Cohen, A., Venegas, R., Heenan, A., Vargas-Ángel, B., Rotjan, R., Mangubhai, S., Flint, E., Hunter, S.A. (2018) Ecological impacts of the 2015/16 El Niño in the central equatorial Pacific. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 99, S21–S26
Carriquiry, J. D., Cupul-Magaña, A. L., Rodríguez-Zaragoza, F. A., & Medina-Rosas, P. (2001). Coral bleaching and mortality in the Mexican Pacific during the 1997-98 El Niño and prediction from a remote sensing approach. Bulletin of Marine Sciences, 69, 237–249.
Chazottes, V., Le Campion-Alsumard, T., Peyrot-Clausade, M., & Cuet, P. (2002). The effects of eutrophication-related alterations to coral reef communities on agents and rates of bioerosion (Reunion Island, Indian Ocean). Coral Reefs, 21, 375–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-002-0259-0
Combilet, L., Fabregat-Malé, S., Mena, S., Marín-Moraga, J. A., Gutierrez, M., & Alvarado, J. J. (2022). Pocillopora spp. growth analysis on restoration structures in an Eastern Tropical Pacific upwelling area. PeerJ, 10, e13248. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13248
Cupul-Magaña, A. L., & Rodríguez-Troncoso, A. P. (2017). Tourist carrying capacity at Islas Marietas National Park: An essential tool to protect the coral community. Applied Geography, 88, 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.08.021
ECOPLAMB. (2004). Plan parcial de desarrollo urbano turístico “Punta Mita” del Municipio de Bahía de Banderas, Nayarit. Manifestación de Impacto Ambiental. Bahía de Banderas. Nayarit, México
Edwards, A. J. (2010). Reef rehabilitation manual. The Coral Reef Targeted Research and Capacity Building for Management Program. Coral reef initiative for the Pacific. Queensland, Australia.
Fabricius, K. E. (2005). Effects of terrestrial run-off on the ecology of corals and coral reefs: review and synthesis. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50, 125–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.11.028
Glynn, P. W., & Ault, J. S. (2000). A biogeographic analysis and review of the far eastern Pacific coral reef region. Coral Reefs, 19, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003380050220
Guest, J. R., Dizon, R. M., Edwards, A. J., Franco, C., & Gomez, E. D. (2011). How quickly do fragments of coral “self-attach” after transplantation? Restoration Ecology, 19, 234–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2009.00562.x
Hernández-Zulueta, J., Rodríguez-Zaragoza, F., Araya, R., Vargas-Ponce, O., Rodríguez-Troncoso, A. P., Cupul-Magaña, A. L., Díaz-Pérez, L., Ríos-Jara, E., & Ortíz, M. (2017). Multi-scale analysis of hermatypic coral assemblajes at Mexican Central Pacific. Scientia Marina. 81, 91–102. https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.04371.12A
Ishida-Castañeda, J., Pizarro, V., López-Victoria, M., & Zapata, F. A. (2020). Coral reef restoration in the Eastern Tropical Pacific: feasibility of the coral nursery approach. Restoration Ecology, 28, 22–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13047
Lizcano-Sandoval, L. D., Londoño-Cruz, E., & Zapata, F. A. (2018). Growth and survival of Pocillopora damicornis (Scleractinia: Pocilloporidae) coral fragments and their potential for coral reef restoration in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Marine Biology Research, 14, 887–897. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2018.1528011
Lough, J. M., & Cooper, T. F. (2011). New insights from coral growth band studies in an era of rapid environmental change. Earth-Science Reviews, 108, 170–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.07.001
Manzello, D., Eakin, C., & Glynn, P. W. (2017). Effects of global warming and ocean acidification on carbonate budgets of Eastern Pacific coral reefs. In: P. Glynn, D. Manzello, & I. Enochs (Eds.), Coral Reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific (pp. 517–533). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7499-4_18
Martínez-Castillo, V., Rodríguez-Troncoso, A. P., Mayfield, A. B., Rodríguez-Zaragoza, F. A., & Cupul-Magaña, A. L. (2022). Coral Recovery in the Central Mexican Pacific 20 Years after the 1997–1998 El Niño Event. Oceans, 3, 48–59. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans3010005
Martínez-Castillo, V., Rodríguez-Troncoso, A. P., Santiago-Valentín, J. D., & Cupul-Magaña, A. L. (2020). The influence of urban pressures on coral physiology on marginal coral reefs of the Mexican Pacific. Coral Reefs, 39, 625–637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-020-01957-z
Montoya-Maya, P. H., Smit, K. P., Burt, A. J., & Frias-Torres, S. (2016). Large-scale coral reef restoration could assist natural recovery in Seychelles, Indian Ocean. Nature Conservation, 16, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.16.8604
Monty, J. A., Gillian, D. S., Banks, K., Stout, D. K., & Dodge, D. E. (2006). Coral of opportunity survivorship and the use of coral nurseries in coral reef restoration. Marine and Environmental Sciences Faculty Proceedings, 31, 1665–1673.
Nava, H., & Figueroa-Camacho, A. J. (2017). Rehabilitation of damaged reefs: Outcome of the use of recently broken coral fragments and healed coral fragments of pocilloporid corals on rocky boulders. Marine Ecology, 38, e12456. https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12456
Palacios-Hernández, E., Carrillo, L. E., Filonov, A., Brito-Castillo, L., & Cabrera-Ramos, C. E. (2010). Seasonality and anomalies of surface temperature off the coast of Nayarit, Mexico. Ocean Dynamics, 60, 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-009-0244-z
Rodríguez-Troncoso, A. P., Carpizo-Ituarte E., & Cupul-Magaña A. L. (2016). Physiological response to high temperature in the Tropical Eastern Pacific coral Pocillopora verrucosa. Marine Ecology, 37, 1168–1175. https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12392
Rodríguez-Troncoso, A. P., & Cupul-Magaña, A. L. (2016). Effect of abnormal high temperatures during 2014-2015 on coral communities from Central Mexican Pacific. 13th International Coral Reef Symposium, Honolulu, Hawai’i, United States.
Romero-Torres, M., Acosta, A., Palacio-Castro, A. M., Treml, E. A., Zapata, F. A., Paz-García, D. A., & Porter, J. W. (2020). Coral reef resilience to thermal stress in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Global Change Biology, 26, 3880–3890. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15126
Santoso, A., Mcphaden, M. J., & Cai, W. (2017). The defining characteristics of ENSO extremes and the strong 2015/2016 El Niño. Reviews of Geophysics, 55, 1079-1129.
Sotelo-Casas R., Rodríguez-Troncoso A.P., Rodríguez-Zaragoza F.A., Solis-Marín F.A., Godínez E., & Cupul-Magaña A. (2019) Spatial-temporal variations in echinoderm diversity within coral communities in a transitional region of the northeast of the Eastern Pacific. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science. 227, 106346, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2019.106346
Shackelford, N., Hobbs, R. J., Burgar, J. M., Erickson, T. E., Fontaine, J. B., Laliberté, E., Ramalho, C. E., Perring, M. P., & Standish, R. J. (2013). Primed for change: Developing ecological restoration for the 21st century. Restoration Ecology, 21, 297–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12012
Shaish, L., Levy, G., Gomez, E. D., & Rinkevich, B. (2008). Fixed and suspended coral nurseries in the Philippines: establishing the first step in the “gardening concept” of reef restoration. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 358, 86–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2008.01.024
Souter, D., Planes, S., Wicquart, J., Logan, M., Obura, D., & Staub, F. (2020). Status of coral reefs of the world: 2020. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, International Coral Reef Initiative, Australia.
Spalding, M. D., & Brown, B. E. (2015). Warm-water coral reefs and climate change. Science, 350, 769–771. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad0349
Spalding, M. D., Ravilious, C., & Green, E. P. (2001). World Atlas of Coral Reefs. Prepared at the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. University of California Press, Berkeley, United States.
Suding, K., Higgs, E., Palmer, M., Callicott, J.B., Anderson, C.B., Baker, M., Gutrich, M.J., Hondula, K.L., LaFevor, M.C., Larson, B.H.M., Randall A., Ruhl, J.B., & Schwartz, K.Z. (2015). Committing to ecological restoration. Science, 348, 638-640.
Suding, K. N. (2011). Toward an era of restoration in ecology: successes, failures, and opportunities ahead. Annual review of ecology, evolution, and systematics, 42, 465–487. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102710-145115
Tortolero-Langarica, J. J. A., Cupul-Magaña, A. L., & Rodríguez-Troncoso, A. P. (2014). Restoration of a degraded coral reef using a natural remediation process: A case study from a Central Mexican Pacific National Park. Ocean and Coastal Management, 96, 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.04.020
Tortolero-Langarica, J. J. A., Cupul-Magaña, A. L., Rodríguez-Troncoso, A. P., & Carricart-Ganivet, J. P. (2017). Calcification and growth rate recovery of the reef-building Pocillopora species in the northeast tropical Pacific following an ENSO disturbance. Peer J, 5, e3191. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3191
Tortolero-Langarica, J. J. A., Rodríguez-Troncoso, A. P., Cupul-Magaña, A. L., Alarcón-Ortega, L. C., & Santiago-Valentín, J. D. (2019). Accelerated recovery of calcium carbonate production in coral reefs using low-tech ecological restoration. Ecological Engineering, 128, 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.01.002
Tortolero-Langarica J. J. A., Rodríguez-Troncoso A. P., Cupul-Magaña A. L., & Rinkevich B. (2020). Micro-Fragmentation as an Effective and Applied Tool to Restore Remote reefs in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17, 6574. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186574
Vargas-Ángel, B., Huntington, B., Brainard, R.E., Venegas, R., Oliver, T., Barkley, H., Cohen, A. (2019) El Niño-associated catastrophic coral mortality at Jarvis Island, central Equatorial Pacific. Coral Reefs, 38, 731-741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-019-01838-0
Comentarios
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.