Palabras clave
Bahía Culebra; arrecife coralino; jardinería de coral; Pacífico Tropical Oriental; restauración ecológica; tasa de crecimiento.
Cómo citar
Resumen
Introducción: Factores ambientales e intrínsecos como la temperatura del agua, salinidad, concentración de nutrientes, afloramiento, especies e historia de vida pueden influir en la supervivencia y crecimiento de los trasplantes de coral y, en consecuencia, en la eficacia de la restauración. Por ello, entender cómo estos factores pueden moldear el desempeño de los trasplantes es clave para asegurar el éxito de un programa de restauración a largo plazo.
Objetivo: Establecer la supervivencia y tasa de crecimiento de los trasplantes de colonias de coral previamente cultivadas en viveros del coral ramificado Pocillopora spp. y las especies de crecimiento masivo Pavona gigantea, Pavona clavus y Porites lobata en Bahía Culebra, Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica, y determinar si el sitio donante de origen del fragmento de coral y la presencia de afloramiento estacional afectó el crecimiento de los trasplantes de Pocillopora.
Métodos: De setiembre 2020 a septiembre 2021, se monitoreó la supervivencia, salud y crecimiento de 30 colonias de Pocillopora spp. de seis sitios donantes diferentes y 31 fragmentos de especies masivas (P. gigantea [n = 18], P. clavus [n = 8], P. lobata [n = 5]) que se trasplantaron a un arrecife degradado. Se registró la temperatura del agua, la salinidad y concentración de nutrientes in situ.
Resultados: Al final del año, 100 % de los trasplantes de Pocillopora spp. sobrevivieron. La supervivencia fue de 71.4 % para P. clavus, 47.5 % para P. gigantea y 20 % para P. lobata. Se observaron pérdidas de tejido y marcas de depredación al menos una vez en un 71 % de los trasplantes masivos. Las colonias de Pocillopora spp. aumentaron su área inicial en un 333.1 %, a una tasa de 9.98 ± 1.69 cm año-1. El sitio de origen del trasplante tuvo efecto sobre la tasa de crecimiento, pero no la presencia de afloramiento estacional. Los fragmentos de especies masivas crecieron a tasas de 1.35 ± 0.24 cm año-1 (P. clavus), 1.48 ± cm año-1 (P. gigantea) y 0.61 cm año (P. lobata), sin diferencias entre ellas.
Conclusiones: Las condiciones del sitio permiten una alta supervivencia y crecimiento de trasplantes de Pocillopora spp., que previamente habían sido considerados sensibles a factores estresantes, e indican aclimatación a las condiciones locales de afloramiento estacional. Pese a que la supervivencia de las especies masivas fue menor, es esencial desarrollar un enfoque multi-especie para aumentar el éxito de la restauración.
Citas
Afiq-Rosli, L., Taira, D., Loke, H.X., Toh, T.C., Toh, K.B., Ng, C.S.L., Cabaitan, P.C., Chou, L.M., & Song, T. (2017). In situ nurseries enhance coral transplant growth in sedimented waters. Marine Biology Research, 13(8), 878–887.
Alvarado, J. J., Beita-Jiménez, A., Mena, S., Fernández-García, C., Cortés, J., Sánchez-Noguera, C., Jiménez, C., & Guzmán-Mora, A. G. (2018). Cuando la conservación no puede seguir el ritmo del desarrollo: Estado de salud de los ecosistemas coralinos del Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 66(S1), 280–308.
Alvarado, J. J., Cortés, J., Guzmán, H., & Reyes-Bonilla, H. (2016). Density, size, and biomass of Diadema mexicanum (Echinoidea) in Eastern Tropical Pacific coral reefs. Aquatic Biology, 24, 151–161.
Alvarado, J. J., Cortés, J., & Reyes-Bonilla, H. (2012). Reconstruction of Diadema mexicanum bioerosion impact on three Costa Rican Pacific coral reefs. Revista de Biología Tropical, 60(S2), 121–132.
Arnold, S. N., Steneck, R. S., & Mumby, P. J. (2010). Running the gauntlet: inhibitory effects of algal turfs on the processes of coral recruitment. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 414, 91–105.
Baums, I. B., Baker, A. C., Davies, S. W., Grottoli, A. G., Kenkel, C. D., Kitchen, S. A., Kuffner, I. B., LaJeunesse, T. D., Matz, M. V., Miller, M. W., Parkinson, J. E., & Shantz, A. A. (2019). Considerations for maximizing the adaptive potential of restored coral populations in the western Atlantic. Ecological Applications, 29(8), e01978.
Bayraktarov, E., Banaszak, A. T., Montoya-Maya, P., Kleypas, J., Arias-González, J. E., Blanco, M., Calle-Triviño, J., Charuvi, N., Cortés-Useche, C., Galván, V., García-Salgado, M. A., Gnecco, M., Guendulain-García, S. D., Hernández-Delgado, E. A., Marín-Moraga, J. A., Maya, M. F., Mendoza-Quiroz, S., Mercado-Cervantes, S., Morikawa, M., Nava, G. ... Frías-Torres, S. (2020). Coral reef restoration efforts in Latin American countries and territories. PLoS ONE, 15 (8), e0228477.
Bezy, M. B. (2009). Reproducción sexual y reclutamiento del coral masivo Pavona clavus en Bahía Culebra, Golfo de Papagayo, Costa Rica [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Universidad de Costa Rica.
Boström-Einarsson, L., Babcock, R. C., Bayraktarov, E., Ceccarelli, D., Cook, N., Ferse, S. C. A., Hancock, B., Harrison, P., Hein, M., Shaver, E., Smith, A., Suggett, D., Stewart-Sinclair, P. J., Vardi, T., & McLeod, I. M. (2020). Coral restoration – A systematic review of current methods, successes, failures and future directions. PLoS ONE, 15(1), e0226631.
Cano, I., Sellares-Blasco, R. I., Lefcheck, J. S., Villalpando, M. F., & Croquer, A. (2021). Effects of herbivory by the urchin Diadema antillarum on early restoration success of the coral Acropora cervicornis in the central Caribbean. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 539, 151541.
Chomitz, B. (2021). The coral-associated fauna and sessile benthic reef community of Pocillopora coral colonies following transplantation in Golfo Dulce, South Pacific, Costa Rica: Composition, dynamics and succession [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Universidad de Costa Rica.
Coles, S. L., & Jokiel, P. L. (1978). Synergistic effects of temperature, salinity and light on the hermatypic coral Montipora verrucosa. Marine Biology, 49, 187–195.
Combillet, L., Fabregat-Malé, S., Mena, S., Marín-Moraga, J. A., Gutiérrez, M., & Alvarado, J. J. (2022). Pocillopora spp. growth analysis on restoration structures in an Eastern Tropical Pacific upwelling area. PeerJ, 10, e13248.
Cortés, J., & Jiménez, C. (2003). Corals and coral reefs of the Pacific of Costa Rica: history, research and status. In J. Cortés (Ed.), Latin American Coral Reefs (pp. 361-367). Elsevier Science.
Cortés, J., Jiménez, C. E., Fonseca, A. C, & Alvarado, J. J. (2010). Status and conservation of coral reefs in Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 58(S1), 33–50.
Cruz-García, R., Rodríguez-Troncoso, A. P., Rodríguez-Zaragoza, F. A., Mayfield, C. A. & Cupul-Magaña, A. L. (2020). Ephemeral effects of El Niño–Southern Oscillation events on an eastern tropical Pacific coral community. Marine and Freshwater Research, 71(10), 1259–1268.
Cupul-Magaña, A. L., & Calderón-Aguilera, L. (2008). Cold water bleaching at Islas Marietas National Park, Nayarit, Mexico. XV Oceanography National Meeting, Veracruz, Mexico.
D’Angelo, C., & Wiedenmann, J. (2014). Impacts of nutrient enrichment on coral reefs: new perspectives and implications for coastal management and reef survival. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 7, 82–93.
Dang, V. D. H., Cheung, P. Y., Fong, C. L., Mulla, A. J., Shiu, J. H., Lin, C. H., & Nozawa, Y. (2020) Sea urchins play an increasingly important role for coral resilience across reefs in Taiwan. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, 581945.
Drury, C., Manzello, D. P., & Lirman, D. (2017). Genotype and local environment dynamically influence growth, disturbance response and survivorship in the threatened coral, Acropora cervicornis. PLoS ONE, 12, e0174000.
Edmunds, P. J., & Putnam, H. M. (2020). Science-based approach to using growth rate to assess coral performance and restoration outcomes. Biology Letters, 1, 20200227.
Edwards, A. J. (2010). Reef rehabilitation manual. Coral reef targeted research & capacity building for Management Program. St Lucia, Australia.
Faxneld, S., Jörgensen, T. L., & Tedengren, M. (2010). Effects of elevated seawater temperature, reduced salinity and nutrient enrichment on metabolism of the coral Turbinaria mesenterina. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 88(4), 482–487.
Fernández, C. (2007). Propagación del alga Caulerpa sertularioides (Chlorophyta) en Bahía Culebra, Golfo de Papagayo, Pacífico norte de Costa Rica [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Universidad de Costa Rica.
Fernández-García, C., Cortés, J., Alvarado, J. J., & Nívia-Ruiz, J. (2012). Physical factors contributing to the benthic dominance of the algae Caulerpa sertularioides (Caulerpaceae, Clorophyta) in the upwelling Bahía Culebra, North Pacific of Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 60, 93–107.
Ferse, S. C. A., Hein, M. Y., & Rölfer L. (2021). A survey of current trends and suggested future directions in coral transplantation for reef restoration. PLoS ONE, 16(5), e0249966.
Foo, S. A, & Asner, G. P. (2020). Sea surface temperature in coral reef restoration outcomes. Environmental Research Letters, 15, 074045.
Foo, S. A., & Asner, G. P. (2021). Impacts of remotely sensed environmental drivers on coral outplant survival. Restoration Ecology, 29(1), e13309.
Forrester, G. E., Ferguson, M. A., O’Connell-Rodwell, C. E., & Jarecki, L. L. (2014). Long-term survival and colony growth of Acropora palmata fragments transplanted by volunteers for restoration. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 24, 81–91.
Forrester, G. E., Maynard, A., Schofield, S., & Taylor, K. (2012). Evaluating causes of transplant stress in fragments of Acropora palmata used for coral reef restoration. Bulletin of Marine Science, 88(4), 1099–1113.
Forsman, Z. H., Page, C. A., Toonen, R. J., & Vaughan, D. (2015). Growing coral larger and faster: micro-colony-fusion as a strategy for accelerating coral cover. PeerJ, 3, e1313.
Gerstle, L. (2020). Growth and transgenerational acclimatization of juvenile Pocillopora damicornis [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Hawai’i.
Glynn, P., & Ault, J. (2000). A biogeographic analysis and review of the far eastern Pacific coral reef region. Coral Reefs, 19, 1–23.
Glynn, P. W., Colley, S. B., Carpizo-Ituarte, E., & Richmond, R. H. (2017). Coral reproduction in the Eastern Pacific. In P. W. Glynn, D. P. Manzello, I. C. Enochs (Eds.), Coral Reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific (Vol 8, pp. 435–476). Springer Science+Business Media.
Goergen, E. A., & Gilliam, D. S. (2018). Outplanting technique, host genotype, and site affect the initial success of outplanted Acropora cervicornis. PeerJ, 6, e4433.
Graham, N. A. J., Jennings, S., MacNeil, M. A., Mouillot, D., & Wilson, S. K. (2015). Predicting climate-driven regime shifts versus rebound potential in coral reefs. Nature, 518, 1–17.
Guzmán, H. (1991). Restoration of coral reefs in Pacific Costa Rica. Conservation Biology, 5(2), 189–195.
Hein, M. Y., Willis, B. E., Beeden, R., & Birtles, A. (2017). The need for broader ecological and socioeconomic tools to evaluate the effectiveness of coral restoration programs. Restoration Ecology, 25(6), 873–883.
Herrera-Escalante, T., López-Pérez, R. A., & Leyte-Morales, G. E. (2005). Bioerosion caused by the sea urchin Diadema mexicanum (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) at Bahías de Huatulco, Western Mexico. Revista de Biología Tropical, 53(S3), 263–273.
Hughes, T. P., Kerry, J., Álvarez-Noriega, M., Álvarez-Romero, J. G., Anderson, K. D., Baird, A. H., Babcock, R. C., Beger, M., Bellwood, D. R., Berkelmans, R., Bridge, T. C., Butler, I. R., Byrne, M., Cantin, N. E., Comeau, S., Connolly, S. R., Cumming, G. S., Dalton, S. J., Diaz-Pulido, G., … Wilson, S. K. (2017). Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals. Nature, 543, 373–377.
Hughes, T. P., Kerry, J. T., Baird, A. H. Connolly, S. R., Chase, T. J., Dietzel, A., Hill, T., Hoey, A. S., Hoogenboom, M. O., Jacobson, M., Kerswell, A., Madin, J. S., Mieog, A., Paley, A. S., Pratchett, M. S., Torda, G., Woods, R. M. (2019). Global warming impairs stock–recruitment dynamics of corals. Nature, 568, 387–390.
Hughes, T. P., Rodrigues, M. J., Bellwood, D. R., Ceccarelli, D., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., McCook, L., Moltschaniwskyj, N., Pratchett, M. S., Steneck, R. S., & Willis, B. (2007). Phase shifts, herbivory, and the resilience of coral reefs to climate change. Current Biology, 17(4), 360–365.
Ishida-Castañeda, J., Pizarro, V., López-Victoria, M., & Zapata, F. A. (2020). Coral reef restoration in the Eastern Tropical Pacific: feasibility of the coral nursery approach. Restoration Ecology, 28(1), 22–28.
Jiménez, C. (1997). Corals and coral reefs of Culebra Bay, Pacific coast of Costa Rica: anarchy in the reef [Paper presentation]. In H.A. Lessios & I.A. Macintyre (Eds.), Proceedings of the VIII International Coral Reef Symposium [Symposium], VIII International Coral Reef Symposium, Panama.
Jiménez, C. (2001). Arrecifes y ambientes coralinos de Bahía Culebra, Pacífico de Costa Rica: aspectos biológicos, económicos, recreativos y de manejo. Revista de Biología Tropical, 49(S2), 215–231.
Jiménez, C. (2007). Arrecifes coralinos, ¿víctimas de los cambios? Ambientico, 171, 5–7.
Jiménez, C., Bassey, G., Segura, Á., & Cortés, J. (2010). Characterization of the coral communities and reefs of two previously undescribed locations in the upwelling region of Gulf of Papagayo (Costa Rica). Revista Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, 2, 95–108.
Jiménez, C., & Cortés, J. (2003). Growth of seven species of scleractinian corals in an upwelling environment of the Eastern Pacific (Golfo de Papagayo, Costa Rica). Bulletin of Marine Science, 72, 187–198.
Kleypas, J. A., & Yates, K. K. (2009). Coral reefs and ocean acidification. Oceanography, 22(4), 108–117.
Kleypas, J. A., McManus, J. W., & Meñez L. A. B. (1999). Environmental limits to coral reef development: Where do we draw the line? American Zoologist, 39(1), 146–159.
Kodera, S. M., Edwards, C. B., Petrovic, V., Pedersen, N. E., Eynaud, Y., & Sandin, S. A. (2020). Quantifying life history demographics of the scleractinian coral genus Pocillopora at Palmyra Atoll. Coral Reefs, 39, 1091–1105.
Koval, G., Rivas, N., D’Alessandro, M., Hesley, D., Santos, R., & Lirman, D. (2020). Fish predation hinders the success of coral restoration efforts using fragmented massive corals. PeerJ, 8, e9978.
Ladd, M. C., Miller, M. W., Hunt, J. H., Sharp, W. C., & Burkpile, D. E. (2019). Harnessing ecological processes to facilitate coral restoration. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 16(4), 239–247.
Liñán-Cabello, M. A., Flores-Ramírez, L. A., Laurel-Sandoval, M. A., García-Mendoza, E., Soriano-Santiago, O., & Delgadillo-Nuño, M. A. (2011). Acclimation in Pocillopora spp. during a coral restoration program in Carrizales Bay, Colima, Mexico. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 44(1), 61–72.
Lirman, D., & Schopmeyer, S. (2016). Ecological solutions to reef degradation: optimizing coral reef restoration in the Caribbean and Western Atlantic. PeerJ, 4, e2597.
Lirman, D., Schopmeyer, S., Galvan, V., Drury, C., Baker, A. C., & Baums, I. B. (2014). Growth dynamics of the threatened Caribbean staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis: influence of host genotype, symbiont identity, colony size, and environmental setting. PLoS ONE, 9(9), e107253.
Lirman, D., Schopmeyer, S., Manzello, D., Gramer, L. J., Precht, W. F., Muller-Karger, F., Banks, K., Barnes, B., Bartels, E., Bourque, A., Byrne, J., Donahue, S., Duquesnel, J., Fisher, L., Gilliam, D., Hendee, J., Johnson, M., Maxwell, K., McDevitt, E., Monty, J., Rueda, D., Ruzicka, R., & Thanner, S. (2011). Severe 2010 cold-water event caused unprecedented mortality to corals of the Florida reef tract and reversed previous survivorship patterns. PLoS ONE, 6(8), e23047.
Lirman, D., Thyberg, T., Herlan, J., Hill, C., Young-Lahiff, C., Schopmeyer, S., Huntington, B., Santos, R., & Drury, C. (2010). Propagation of the threatened staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis: methods to minimize the impacts of fragment collection and maximize production. Coral Reefs, 29, 729–735.
Lizcano-Sandoval, L. D., Londoño-Cruz, E., & Zapata, F. A. (2018). Growth and survival of Pocillopora damicornis (Scleractinia: Pocilloporidae) coral fragments and their potential for reef restoration in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Marine Biology Research, 14, 887–897.
Lohr, K. E., Ripple, K., & Patterson, J. T. (2020). Differential disturbance effects and phenotypic plasticity among outplanted corals at patch and fore reef sites. Journal for Nature Conservation, 55, 125827.
Lough, J. M., & van Oppen, M. J. H. (2018). Introduction: coral bleaching-patterns, processes, causes and consequences. In M. J. H. van Oppen, & J. M. Lough (Eds.), Coral Bleaching, Patterns, processes, causes, and consequences (pp. 1–8). Springer.
Lustic, C., Maxwell, K., Bartels, E., Reckenbeil, B., Utset, E., Schopmeyer, S., Zink, I., & Lirman, D. (2020). The impacts of competitive interactions on coral colonies after transplantation: A multispecies experiment from the Florida Keys, US. Bulletin of Marine Science, 96(4), 805–818.
Miller, M. W., Lohr, K. E., Cameron, C. M., Williams, D. E., & Peters, E. C. (2014). Disease dynamics and potential mitigation among restored and wild staghorn coral, Acropora cervicornis. PeerJ, 2, e541.
Omori, M. (2019). Coral restoration research and technical developments: what we have learned so far. Marine Biology Research, 15(7), 377–409.
Page, C. A., Muller, E. M., & Vaughan, D. E. (2018). Microfragmenting for the successful restoration of slow growing massive corals. Ecological Engineering, 123, 86–94.
Palacios, M. M., Muñoz, C. G., & Zapata, F. A. (2014). Fish corallivory on a pocilloporid reef and experimental coral responses to predation. Coral Reefs, 33, 625–636.
Pinzón, J. H., & LaJeunesse, T. C. (2011). Species delimitation of common reef corals in the genus Pocillopora using nucleotide sequence phylogenies, population genetics and symbiosis ecology. Molecular Ecology, 20(2), 311–325.
Pinzón, J. H., Sampayo, E., Cox, E., Chauka, L. J., Chen, C. A., Voolstra, C. R., & LaJeunesse, T. C. (2013). Blind to morphology: genetics identifies several widespread ecologically common species and few endemics among Indo-Pacific cauliflower corals (Pocillopora, Scleractinia). Journal of Biogeography, 40(8), 1595–1608.
Precht, W. F. (2006). Coral reef restoration handbook: the rehabilitation of an ecosystem under siege. CRC Press.
R Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Computer software]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http://www.r-project.org/index.html
Rinkevich, B. (1995). Restoration strategies for coral reefs damaged by recreational activities: The use of sexual and asexual recruits. Restoration Ecology, 3(4), 241–251.
Rinkevich, B. (2014). Rebuilding coral reefs: does active reef restoration lead to sustainable reefs? Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 7, 28–36.
Rivas, N., Hesley, D., Kaufman, M., Unsworth, J., D’Alessandro, M., & Lirman, D. (2021). Developing best practices for the restoration of massive corals and the mitigation of predation impacts: influences of physical protection, colony size, and genotype on outplant mortality. Coral Reefs, 40, 1227–1241.
Rixen, T., Jiménez, C., & Cortés, C. (2012). Impact of upwelling events on the sea water carbonate chemistry and dissolved oxygen concentration in the Gulf of Papagayo (Culebra Bay), Costa Rica: Implications for coral reefs. Revista de Biología Tropical, 60(S2), 187–195.
Rodríguez-Sáenz, K., & Rodríguez-Fonseca, J. (2004). Avistamientos del delfín manchado, Stenella attenuata (Cetacea: Delphinidae) en Bahía Culebra, Costa Rica, 1999-2000. Revista de Biología Tropical, 49(2), 189–193.
Rodríguez-Troncoso, A. P., Carpizo-Ituarte, E., & Cupul-Magaña, A. L. (2010). Differential response to cold and warm water conditions in Pocillopora colonies from the Central Mexican Pacific. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 391(1–2), 57–64.
Rodríguez-Troncoso, A. P., Carpizo-Ituarte, E., & Cupul-Magaña, A. L. (2016). Physiological response to high temperature in the Tropical Eastern Pacific coral Pocillopora verrucosa. Marine Ecology, 37(5), 1168–1175.
Rodríguez-Troncoso, A. P., Carpizo-Ituarte, E., Pettay, D. T., Warner, M. E., & Cupul-Magaña, A. L. (2014). The effects of an abnormal decrease in temperature on the Eastern Pacific reef-building coral Pocillopora verrucosa. Marine Biology, 161, 131–139.
Romero-Torres, M., Acosta, A., Palacio-Castro, A. M., Treml, E. A., Zapata, F. A., Paz-García, D. A., & Porter, J. W. (2020). Coral reef resilience to thermal stress in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Global Change Biology, 26(7), 3880–3890.
Roth, F., Saalmann, F., Thomson, T., Coker, D. J., Villalobos, R., Jones, B. H., Wild, C., & Carvalho, S. (2018). Coral reef degradation affects the potential for reef recovery after disturbance. Marine Environmental Research, 142, 48–58.
Sánchez-Noguera, C. (2012). Cambios socioeconómicos y ambientales en Bahía Culebra, Guanacaste, Costa Rica: implicaciones para su gestión [Unpublished master's tesis]. Universidad de Costa Rica.
Sánchez-Noguera, C. (2019). Carbonate chemistry and coral reefs in the Pacific coast of Costa Rica [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Universität Hamburg.
Sánchez-Noguera, C., Jiménez, C., & Cortés, J. (2018a). Desarrollo costero y ambientes marino-costeros en Bahía Culebra, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 66(S1), 309–327.
Sánchez-Noguera, C., Stuhldreier, I., Cortés, J., Jiménez, C., Morales, Á., Wild, C., & Rixen, T. (2018b). Natural ocean acidification at Papagayo upwelling system (north Pacific Costa Rica): implications for reef development. Biogeosciences, 15, 2349–2360.
Schopmeyer, S. A., & Lirman, D. (2015). Occupation dynamics and impacts of damselfish territoriality on recovering populations of the threatened staghorn coral, Acropora cervicornis. PLoS ONE, 10(11), e0141302.
Shafir, S., & Rinkevich, B. (2013). Mariculture of coral colonies for the public aquarium sector. In R. J. Leewis, & M. Janse (Eds.), Advances in coral husbandry in public aquariums (Vol 2, pp. 315–318). Burgers’ Zoo.
Stuhldreier, I., Sánchez-Noguera, C., Roth, C., Cortés, J., Rixen, T., & Wild, C. (2015). Upwelling increases net primary production of corals and reef-wide gross primary production along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Frontiers in Marine Science, 2, 113.
Tortolero-Langarica, J. J. A., Cupul-Magaña, A. L., & Rodríguez-Troncoso, A. P. (2014). Restoration of a degraded coral reef using a natural remediation process: A case study from a Central Mexican Pacific National Park. Ocean & Coastal Management, 96, 12–19.
Tortolero-Langarica, J. J. A, Rodríguez-Troncoso, A. P., Cupul-Magaña, A. L., & Carricart-Ganivet, J. P. (2017). Calcification and growth rate recovery of the reef-building Pocillopora species in the northeast tropical Pacific following an ENSO disturbance. PeerJ, 5, e3191.
Tortolero-Langarica, J. J. A., Rodríguez-Troncoso, A. P., Cupul-Magaña, A. L., Alarcón-Ortega, L. C., Santiago-Valentín, J. D. (2019). Accelerated recovery of calcium carbonate production in coral reefs using low-tech ecological restoration. Ecological Engineering, 128, 89–97.
Tortolero-Langarica, J. J. A., Rodríguez-Troncoso, A. P., Cupul-Magaña, A. L., & Rinkevich, B. (2020). Micro-fragmentation as an effective and applied tool to restore remote reefs in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 6574.
Tortolero-Langarica, J. J. A., Rodríguez-Troncoso, A. P., Cupul-Magaña, A. L., Morales-de-Anda, D. E., Caselle, J. E., & Carricart-Ganivet, J. P. (2022). Coral calcification and carbonate production in the eastern tropical Pacific: The role of branching and massive corals in the reef maintenance. Geobiology, 20(4), 533–545.
Trygonis, V., & Sini, M. (2012). PhotoQuad: A dedicated seabed image processing software, and a comparative error analysis of four photoquadrat methods. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 424–425, 99–108.
Unsworth, J. D., Hesley, D., D’Alessandro, M., & Lirman, D. (2020). Outplanting optimized: Developing a more efficient coral attachment technique using Portland cement. Restoration Ecology, 29(1), e13299.
van Oppen, M. J. H., & Blackall, L. L. (2019). Coral microbiome dynamics, functions and design in a changing world. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 17, 557–567.
van Oppen, M. J. H., Oliver, J. K., Putnam, H. M., & Gates, R. D. (2015). Building coral reef resilience through assisted evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112, 2307–2313.
van Woesik, R., Ripple, K., & Miller, S. L. (2017). Macroalgae reduces survival of nursery-reared Acropora corals in the Florida reef tract. Restoration Ecology, 26(3), 563–569.
Ware, M., Garfield, E. N., Nedimyer, K., Levy, J., Kaufman, L., Precht, W., Winters, R. S., & Miller, S. L. (2020). Survivorship and growth in staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis) outplanting projects in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. PLos ONE, 15(5), e0231817.
Wiedenmann, J., D’Angelo, C., Smith, E.G., Hunt, A. N., Legiret, F. E., Postle, A. D., & Achterberg, E. P. (2013). Nutrient enrichment can increase the susceptibility of reef corals to bleaching. Nature Climate Change, 3, 160–164.
Ziegler, M., Roder, C. M., Büchel, C., & Voolstra, C. R. (2014). Limits to physiological plasticity of the coral Pocillopora verrucosa from the central Red Sea. Coral Reefs, 33, 1115–1129.
Comentarios
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.