Palabras clave
cobertura coralina; Pacífico Tropical Oriental; recuperación de ecosistemas; ecología histórica; resiliencia; cambio de fase.
Cómo citar
Resumen
Introducción: El cambio climático y otros múltiples factores estresantes han provocado a nivel mundial el colapso de muchos arrecifes de coral. Comprender cómo han respondido los arrecifes de coral a perturbaciones anteriores es clave para identificar posibles trayectorias ante perturbaciones futuras más frecuentes e intensas.
Objetivo: revisamos la historia ecológica de los arrecifes de coral en Bahía Culebra, un área históricamente importante para el desarrollo de arrecifes de coral en el Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica, que ha sufrido un deterioro extremo en las últimas décadas.
Métodos: Evaluamos los rasgos históricos de los arrecifes de coral utilizando datos históricos y recientes, divididos de la siguiente manera: (i) el período "pre-perturbado" (1970–2000), (ii) el período de degradación temprana (2000–2010) y el período degradado (2010–actualidad).
Resultados: Hace cuarenta años, Bahía Culebra albergaba la mayor riqueza de especies de coral en el Pacífico costarricense, con una alta cobertura de coral vivo (> 40 %). Se observaron signos de degradación temprana después de los fenómenos de El Niño y un desarrollo costero sin precedentes que provocó una eutrofización antrópica, que provocó la muerte de los corales y un cambio hacia arrecifes dominados por macroalgas. En la última década, se registró una fuerte disminución de la cubierta de coral vivo (1–4 %), la pérdida de muchos arrecifes y una disminución en la diversidad y abundancia de peces de arrecife.
Conclusiones: Para promover la recuperación de los arrecifes de coral en la bahía, proponemos acciones de manejo como la planificación espacial marina, la mitigación y monitoreo de factores estresantes y la restauración ecológica. Esto último podría ayudar a cambiar la tendencia al aumentar la cubierta de coral vivo, lo que eventualmente conduciría a la recuperación de la funcionalidad del ecosistema, con efectos indirectos en las comunidades asociadas a los arrecifes, incluidas las comunidades costeras locales. No obstante, tales acciones necesitan apoyo gubernamental y local; por lo tanto, crear conciencia a través de programas de educación ambiental y ciencia ciudadana es clave para la tan necesaria conservación de los arrecifes de coral en Bahía Culebra.
Citas
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