Palabras clave
mamíferos medianos, espacios verdes urbanos, fragmentos de vegetación, urbanización, diversidad de mamíferos, Neotrópico.
Cómo citar
Resumen
Introducción: Los espacios verdes urbanos se están convirtiendo en un refugio cada vez más importante para la fauna nativa de Costa Rica. En Costa Rica, la mayor parte de la población humana se concentra en el Valle Central, consecuentemente, la urbanización reduce constantemente la vegetación remanente natural. En mamíferos, el desarrollo urbano generalmente disminuye la diversidad de especies nativas.
Objetivo: Describimos la riqueza y abundancia de los mamíferos medianos terrestres en fragmentos de vegetación en regeneración y bosques secundarios inmersos en una matriz urbana.
Métodos: Realizamos un análisis de paisaje utilizando sistemas de información geográfica para medir los espacios verdes y la cobertura urbana. El estudio de mamíferos terrestres incluyó trampeo nocturno, conteos diurnos en transeptos, cámaras trampa y registros ocasionales.
Resultados: Encontramos seis especies nativas y tres especies introducidas de mamíferos terrestres, lo que representa menos de un 50% de la diversidad de mamíferos terrestre medianos reportada para el Valle Central hace 40 años. El mapache (Procyon lotor) y la ardilla (Sciurus variegatoides) común fueron las especies más abundantes, ambas con la capacidad de aprovechar hábitats alterados por el desarrollo urbano. Las especies introducidas, especialmente el gato doméstico, representan un problema por ser eficientes depredadores de la fauna nativa y por transmitir enfermedades. Las especies de perezosos (Bradypus variegatus y Choloepus hoffmanni) en el sitio de estudio se ven afectadas por el aislamiento de los fragmentos de vegetación y la falta de conectividad generada por la urbanización.
Conclusión: Mantener los fragmentos de vegetación natural en las ciudades es primordial para la conservación de la biodiversidad.
Citas
Alberti, M. (2005). The effects of urban patterns on ecosystem function. International Regional Science Review, 28(2), 168–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017605275160
Alvey, A. A. (2006). Promoting and preserving biodiversity in the urban forest. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 5(4), 195–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2006.09.003
Aronson, M. F., La Sorte, F. A., Nilon, C. H., Katti, M., Goddard, M. A., Lepczyk, C. A., Warren, P. S., Williams, N. S. G., Cilliers, S., Clarkson, B., Dobbs, C., Dolan, R., Hedblom, M., Klotz, S., Kooijmans, J. L., Kühn, I., MacGregor-Fors, I., McDonell, M., Mörtberg, U., ... & Winter, M. (2014). A global analysis of the impacts of urbanization on bird and plant diversity reveals key anthropogenic drivers. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 281(1780), 20133330. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3330
Aronson, M. F., Lepczyk, C. A., Evans, K. L., Goddard, M. A., Lerman, S. B., MacIvor, J. S., Nilon., S. C., & Vargo, T. (2017). Biodiversity in the city: key challenges for urban green space management. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 15(4), 189–196. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1480
Baker, P. J., Ansell, R. J., Dodds, P. A., Webber, C. E., & Harris, S. (2003). Factors affecting the distribution of small mammals in an urban area. Mammal Review, 33(1), 95–100. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2907.2003.00003.x
Barros, F. B., & de Aguiar Azevedo, P. (2014). Common opossum (Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758): food and medicine for people in the Amazon. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 10(1), 65.
Biamonte, E., Sandoval, L., Chacón, E., & Barrantes, G. (2011). Effect of urbanization on the avifauna in a tropical metropolitan area. Landscape Ecology, 26(2), 183–194.
Bonnington, C., Gaston, K. J., & Evans, K. L. (2014). Squirrels in suburbia: influence of urbanisation on the occurrence and distribution of a common exotic mammal. Urban Ecosystems, 17(2), 533–546.
Brooks, T. M., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., Da Fonseca, G. A., Rylands, A. B., Konstant, W. R., Flick, P., Pilgrim, P., Oldfield, S., Magin, G., & Hilton‐Taylor, C. (2002). Habitat loss and extinction in the hotspots of biodiversity. Conservation Biology, 16(4), 909–923.
Brown, C., & Grant, M. (2005). Biodiversity and human health: What role for nature in healthy urban planning? Built Environment, 31(4), 326–338.
Costa, F., Wunder Jr, E. A., De Oliveira, D., Bisht, V., Rodrigues, G., Reis, M. G., Ko, A. I., Begon, M., & Childs, J. E. (2015). Patterns in Leptospira shedding in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Brazilian slum communities at high risk of disease transmission. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 9(6), e0003819.
Dearborn, D. C., & Kark, S. (2010). Motivations for conserving urban biodiversity. Conservation Biology, 24(2), 432–440.
Di Stéfano, J. F., Nielsen, V., Hoomans, J., & Fournier, L. A. (1996). Regeneración de la vegetación arbórea en una pequeña reserva forestal urbana del nivel premontano húmedo, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 44(2A), 575–580.
Dowding, J. E., & Murphy, E. C. (2001). The impact of predation by introduced mammals on endemic shorebirds in New Zealand: a conservation perspective. Biological Conservation, 99(1), 47–64.
Duguay, S., Eigenbrod, F., & Fahrig, L. (2007). Effects of surrounding urbanization on non-native flora in small forest patches. Landscape Ecology, 22(4), 589–599.
Easterbrook, J. D., Kaplan, J. B., Vanasco, N. B., Reeves, W. K., Purcell, R. H., Kosoy, M. Y., Glass, G.E., Watson, J., & Klein, S. L. (2007). A survey of zoonotic pathogens carried by Norway rats in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Epidemiology & Infection, 135(7), 1192–1199.
Faeth, S. H., Bang, C., & Saari, S. (2011). Urban biodiversity: patterns and mechanisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1223(1), 69–81.
Fahrig, L. (2003). Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 34(1), 487–515.
Fedriani, J. M., Fuller, T. K., & Sauvajot, R. M. (2001). Does availability of anthropogenic food enhance densities of omnivorous mammals? An example with coyotes in southern California. Ecography, 24(3), 325–331.
Gibbon, J. W., Scott, D. E., Ryan, T. J., Buhlmann, K. A., Tuberville, T. D., Metts, B. S., Greene, J. L., Mills, T., Leiden, Y., Poppy, S., & Winne, C. T. (2000). The Global Decline of Reptiles, Déjà Vu Amphibians: Reptile species are declining on a global scale. Six significant threats to reptile populations are habitat loss and degradation, introduced invasive species, environmental pollution, disease, unsustainable use, and global climate change. BioScience, 50(8), 653–666.
González-García, A., Belliure, J., Gómez-Sal, A., & Dávila, P. (2009). The role of urban greenspaces in fauna conservation: the case of the iguana Ctenosaura similis in the ‘patios’ of León city, Nicaragua. Biodiversity and Conservation, 18(7), 1909.
Grimm, N. B., Faeth, S. H., Golubiewski, N. E., Redman, C. L., Wu, J., Bai, X., & Briggs, J. M. (2008). Global change and the ecology of cities. Science, 319(5864), 756–760.
Haight, J. D. Hall, S. J. Fidino, M. Adalsteinsson, S. A. Ahlers, A. A. Angstmann, J. Anthonysamy, W. J. B. Biro, E. Collins, M. K. Dugelby, B. Gallo, T. Green, A. M. Hartley, L. Jordan, M. J. Kay, C. A. M. Lehrer, E. W. Long, R. A. MacDougall, B., Magle, S. B., … Lewis, J. S. (2023). Urbanization, climate and species traits shape mammal communities from local to continental scales. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1–13.
He, C., Liu, Z., Tian, J., & Ma, Q. (2014). Urban expansion dynamics and natural habitat loss in China: a multiscale landscape perspective. Global Change Biology, 20(9), 2886–2902.
Horwitz, P., Lindsay, M., & O'Connor, M. (2001). Biodiversity, Endemism, Sense of Place, and Public Health: Inter‐relationships for Australian Inland Aquatic Systems. Ecosystem Health, 7(4), 253–265.
How, R. A., & Dell, J. (2000). Ground vertebrate fauna of Perth's vegetation remnants: impact of 170 years of urbanization. Pacific Conservation Biology, 6(3), 198–217.
Jessup, D. A. (2004). The welfare of feral cats and wildlife. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 225(9), 1377–1383.
Jokimäki, J., Selonen, V., Lehikoinen, A., & Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, M. L. (2017). The role of urban habitats in the abundance of red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris, L.) in Finland. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 27, 100–108.
Joyce, A. T. (2006). Land use change in Costa Rica: 1996–2006, as influenced by social, economic, political, and environmental factors. Litografía e imprenta LIL, S.A., San José, Costa Rica.
Kissell, R. E., & Kennedy, M. L. (1992). Ecologic relationships of co-occurring populations of opossums (Didelphis virginiana) and raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Tennessee. Journal of Mammalogy, 73(4), 808–813.
La Morgia, V., Paoloni, D., & Genovesi, P. (2017). Eradicating the grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis from urban areas: an innovative decision‐making approach based on lessons learnt in Italy. Pest Management Science, 73(2), 354–363.
Ladine, T. A. (1997). Activity patterns of co-occurring populations of Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) and raccoons (Procyon lotor). Mammalia, 61(3), 345–354.
Longcore, T., Rich, C., & Sullivan, L. M. (2009). Critical assessment of claims regarding management of feral cats by trap–neuter–return. Conservation Biology, 23(4), 887–894.
Loss, S. R., Will, T., & Marra, P. P. (2013). The impact of free-ranging domestic cats on wildlife of the United States. Nature Communications, 4, 1396.
Luck, G. W. (2007). A review of the relationships between human population density and biodiversity. Biological Reviews, 82(4), 607–645.
Magura, T., Lövei, G. L., & Tóthmérész, B. (2010). Does urbanization decrease diversity in ground beetle (Carabidae) assemblages? Global Ecology and Biogeography, 19(1), 16–26.
Manchester, S. J., & Bullock, J. M. (2000). The impacts of non‐native species on UK biodiversity and the effectiveness of control. Journal of Applied Ecology, 37(5), 845–864.
Markovchick‐Nicholls, L., Regan, H. M., Deutschman, D. H., Widyanata, A., Martin, B., Noreke, L., & Ann Hunt, T. (2008). Relationships between human disturbance and wildlife land use in urban habitat fragments. Conservation Biology, 22(1), 99–109.
Marselle, M. R., Lindley, S. J., Cook, P. A., & Bonn, A. (2021). Biodiversity and health in the urban environment. Current Environmental Health Reports, 8(2), 146–156.
Marzluff, J. M. (2005). Island biogeography for an urbanizing world: how extinction and colonization may determine biological diversity in human-dominated landscapes. Urban Ecosystems, 8(2), 157–177.
Marzluff, J. M., & Ewing, K. (2001). Restoration of fragmented landscapes for the conservation of birds: a general framework and specific recommendations for urbanizing landscapes. Restoration Ecology, 9(3), 280–292.
Mayer, M., & Sunde, P. (2020). Colonization and habitat selection of a declining farmland species in urban areas. Urban Ecosystems, 23, 543–554.
McCleery, R. A. (2009). Changes in fox squirrel anti-predator behaviors across the urban–rural gradient. Landscape Ecology, 24(4), 483.
McCleery, R. A. (2010). Urban mammals. Urban Ecosystem Ecology, 87–102.
McCleery, R. A., Lopez, R. R., Silvy, N. J., & Gallant, D. L. (2008). Fox squirrel survival in urban and rural environments. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 72(1), 133–137.
McDonald, R. I., Kareiva, P., & Forman, R. T. (2008). The implications of current and future urbanization for global protected areas and biodiversity conservation. Biological Conservation, 141(6), 1695–1703.
McDonald, B. C., Gentner, D. R., Goldstein, A. H., & Harley, R. A. (2013). Long-term trends in motor vehicle emissions in US urban areas. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(17), 10022–10031.
McKinney, M. L. (2002). Urbanization, biodiversity, and conservation: the impacts of urbanization on native species are poorly studied, but educating a highly urbanized human population about these impacts can greatly improve species conservation in all ecosystems. BioScience, 52(10), 883–890.
McKinney, M. L. (2006). Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biological Conservation, 127(3), 247–260.
McKinney, M. L. (2008). Effects of urbanization on species richness: a review of plants and animals. Urban Ecosystems, 11(2), 161–176.
McPhearson, T., Pickett, S. T., Grimm, N. B., Niemelä, J., Alberti, M., Elmqvist, T., Weber, C., Haase, D., Breuse, J., & Qureshi, S. (2016). Advancing urban ecology toward a science of cities. BioScience, 66(3), 198–212. doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw002
Melles, S., Glenn, S., & Martin, K. (2003). Urban bird diversity and landscape complexity: species–environment associations along a multiscale habitat gradient. Conservation Ecology, 7(1).
Moll, R. J., Cepek, J. D., Lorch, P. D., Dennis, P. M., Robison, T., Millspaugh, J. J., & Montgomery, R. A. (2018). Humans and urban development mediate the sympatry of competing carnivores. Urban Ecosystems, 21, 765–778.
Moll, R. J., Cepek, J. D., Lorch, P. D., Dennis, P. M., Robison, T., & Montgomery, R. A. (2020). At what spatial scale (s) do mammals respond to urbanization?. Ecography, 43(2), 171–183.
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., Da Fonseca, G. A., & Kent, J. (2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403(6772), 853.
Nishida, K., Nakamura, I., & Morales, C. O. (2009). Plants and butterflies of a small urban preserve in the Central Valley of Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 57, 31–67.
Ordeñana, M. A., Crooks, K. R., Boydston, E. E., Fisher, R. N., Lyren, L. M., Siudyla, S., Haas, C. D., Harris, S., Hathaway, S. A., Turschak, G. M., Miles, A. K., & Van Vuren, D. H. (2010). Effects of urbanization on carnivore species distribution and richness. Journal of Mammalogy, 91(6), 1322–1331.
Pacifici, M., Rondinini, C., Rhodes, J. R., Burbidge, A. A., Cristiano, A., Watson, J. E., Woinarski, J. C. Z., & Di Marco, M. (2020). Global correlates of range contractions and expansions in terrestrial mammals. Nature Communications, 11(1), 2840.
Parker, T. S., Gonzales, S. K., & Nilon, C. H. (2014). Seasonal comparisons of daily activity budgets of gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) in urban areas. Urban Ecosystems, 17(4), 969–978.
Pimm, S. L., & Raven, P. (2000). Biodiversity: extinction by numbers. Nature, 403(6772), 843–845.
Prange, S., Gehrt, S. D., & Wiggers, E. P. (2003). Demographic factors contributing to high raccoon densities in urban landscapes. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 324–333.
Prange, S., & Gehrt, S. D. (2004). Changes in mesopredator-community structure in response to urbanization. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 82(11), 1804–1817.
Presley, S. J., Cisneros, L. M., Klingbeil, B. T., & Willig, M. R. (2019). Landscape ecology of mammals. Journal of Mammalogy, 100(3), 1044–1068.
Rézouki, C., Dozières, A., Le Cœur, C., Thibault, S., Pisanu, B., Chapuis, J. L., & Baudry, E. (2014). A viable population of the European red squirrel in an urban park. PloS one, 9(8), e105111.
Rivkin, L. R., Santangelo, J. S., Alberti, M., Aronson, M. F., de Keyzer, C. W., Diamond, S. E., Fortin, M. J., Fraxee, L. J., Gorton, A. J., Hendry, A. P., Yang, L., Losos, J. B., Maclvor, S., Martin, R. A., McDonnell, M. J., Miles, L. S., Munshi-Sur, J., Ness, R. W., Newman, A. E. M., ... & Liu, Y. (2019). A roadmap for urban evolutionary ecology. Evolutionary Applications, 12(3), 384–398. DOI:10.1111/eva.12734
Robertson, S. A. (2008). A review of feral cat control. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 10(4), 366–375.
Rudd, H., Vala, J., & Schaefer, V. (2002). Importance of backyard habitat in a comprehensive biodiversity conservation strategy: a connectivity analysis of urban green spaces. Restoration Ecology, 10(2), 368–375.
Sandoval, L., Morales, C. O., Ramírez-Fernández, J. D., Hanson, P., Murillo-Hiller, L. R., & Barrantes, G. (2019). The forgotten habitats in conservation: early successional vegetation. Revista de Biología Tropical, 67(2), 36–52.
Savard, J. P. L., Clergeau, P., & Mennechez, G. (2000). Biodiversity concepts and urban ecosystems. Landscape and Urban Planning, 48(3-4), 131–142.
Schneider, A., Friedl, M. A., & Potere, D. (2010). Mapping global urban areas using MODIS 500-m data: New methods and datasets based on ‘urban ecoregions’. Remote Sensing of Environment, 114(8), 1733–1746.
Seto, K. C., Güneralp, B., & Hutyra, L. R. (2012). Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(40), 16083–16088.
Shirer, H. W., & Fitch, H. S. (1970). Comparison from radiotracking of movements and denning habits of the raccoon, striped skunk, and opossum in northeastern Kansas. Journal of Mammalogy, 51(3), 491–503.
Smith, J. A., Suraci, J. P., Clinchy, M., Crawford, A., Roberts, D., Zanette, L. Y., & Wilmers, C. C. (2017). Fear of the human ‘super predator’reduces feeding time in large carnivores. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 284(1857), 20170433.
Sushinsky, J. R., Rhodes, J. R., Possingham, H. P., Gill, T. K., & Fuller, R. A. (2013). How should we grow cities to minimize their biodiversity impacts?. Global Change Biology, 19(2), 401–410.
Tait, C. J., Daniels, C. B., & Hill, R. S. (2005). Changes in species assemblages within the Adelaide metropolitan area, Australia, 1836–2002. Ecological Applications, 15(1), 346–359.
Tzoulas, K., Korpela, K., Venn, S., Yli-Pelkonen, V., Kaźmierczak, A., Niemela, J., & James, P. (2007). Promoting ecosystem and human health in urban areas using Green Infrastructure: A literature review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 81(3), 167–178.
van Heezik, Y., Smyth, A., Adams, A., & Gordon, J. (2010). Do domestic cats impose an unsustainable harvest on urban bird populations?. Biological Conservation, 143(1), 121–130.
Van Helden, B. E., Close, P. G., Stewart, B. A., Speldewinde, P. C., & Comer, S. J. (2020). An underrated habitat: Residential gardens support similar mammal assemblages to urban remnant vegetation. Biological Conservation, 250, 108760.
Watling, J. I., & Donnelly, M. A. (2006). Fragments as islands: a synthesis of faunal responses to habitat patchiness. Conservation Biology, 20(4), 1016–1025.
Wilson, D. E. (1983). Checklist of Mammals of Costa Rica. In D. H. Janzen. (Ed.). Costa Rican Natural History (pp. 443–447). Univ. Chicago Press.
Woods, M., McDonald, R. A., & Harris, S. (2003). Predation of wildlife by domestic cats Felis catus in Great Britain. Mammal Review, 33(2), 174–188.
##plugins.facebook.comentarios##
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.