Supplementation with yeast cell walls and yeast cultures in mares and its effect on colostrum quality
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15517/v1qjef89Keywords:
yeast, foals, immunity, growth, colostrum, supplementationAbstract
The effect of yeast culture and cell wall supplementation during the prepartum period in mares on colostrum quality, passive immunity transfer, and foal growth was evaluated. The experiment was conducted in an equine production system in western Costa Rica. Twenty Purebred Spanish mares were assigned to one of two treatments, with a total of 10 replicates each: an unsupplemented control and supplementation with 30 g of a commercial product during the 30 days prior to the estimated foaling date. After foaling, colostrum samples were collected using modified syringes, and the total immunoglobulin concentration in the colostrum was evaluated using an equine colostrometer. Blood samples were taken from foals 24 hours after birth to determine immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration, and foal growth was assessed until day 45. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in colostrum immunoglobulin concentrations between treatments (equine colostrometer: 1.07 ± 0.006 and 1.08 ± 0.006; handheld refractometer: 25.20 ± 1.63 degrees Brix and 25.30 ± 1.62 degrees Brix,
for the control and supplemented groups, respectively). Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found for immunoglobulin G concentration in foal blood serum (2548.95 ± 234.39 mg/dl and 1403.43 ± 234.39 mg/dl, for the control and supplemented groups, respectively). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in body weight at the different evaluation time points or in average daily gain of the foals between treatments. It is concluded that, under the conditions of this study, supplementation with cell walls and yeast cultures in prepartum mares had no effect on colostrum quality or on foal growth but did affect the concentration of immunoglobulin G in foal serum.
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References
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Bielman, V., Gillan, J., Perkins, N., Skidmore, A., Godden, S., y Leslie, K. (2010). An evaluation of brix refractometry instruments for measurement of colostrum quality in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 93 (8): 3713-3721. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2943
Buechner-Maxwell, V.A. (2005). Nutritional support for neonatal foals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, 21 (2): 487-510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2005.04.003.
Campos-Granados, C., y Rojas-Bourillon, A. (2015). Suplementación con pared celular y cultivo de levaduras en vacas prontas y su efecto sobre la calidad del calostro y el estado inmunológico de las terneras. Agronomía Costarricense, 39 (1): 121-129. https://doi.org/10.15517/RAC.V39I1.19550.
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Çilek, S. (2009). Environmental factors affecting growth characteristics in purebred Arabian foals reared at Anadolu state farm in Turkey. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 8 (1): 148-154. https://doi.org/10.36478/javaa.2009.148.154.
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Doreau, M., y Boulot, S. 1989. Methods of measurement of milk yield and composition in nursing mares: A review. Le Lait, 69 (3): 159-171. https://doi.org/10.1051/lait:1989313.
Earhard, M., Luft, C., Remler, H.P., y Stangassinger, M. (2001). Assessment of colostral transfer and systemic availability of immunoglobulin G in new-born foals using a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 85 (5-6): 164–173. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0396.2001.00313.x.
Elizondo, J. (2007). Alimentación y manejo del calostro en el ganado de leche. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 18 (2): 271-281. ISSN: 1021-7444.
Estepa, J., Mendoza, F., y Aguilera, E. (2007). Consideraciones clínicas en neonatología equina. Anales Real Academia de Ciencias Veterinarias de Andalucía Oriental, 20 (1): 159-172.
Faubladier, C., Julliand, V., Danel, J., y Philippeau, C. (2013). Bacterial carbohydrate-degrading capacity in foal faeces: changes from birth to pre-weaning and the impact of maternal supplementation with fermented feed products. British Journal of Nutrition. 110(6): 1040–1052. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512006162.
Franco, M., y Oliver, O. (2014). Enfermedades de los potros neonatos y su epidemiología: Una revisión. Revista de Medicina Veterinaria, 29: 91-105. https://doi.org/10.19052/mv.3449.
Galindo, C. (2009). Inmunodeficiencia pasiva en potranca media sangre y efectos colaterales sistémicos. Revista de Medicina Veterinaria, 17: 69-75. https://doi.org/10.19052/mv.1186.
Gerritsen, R., Klaassen, G., Schuttert, G., Rouwers, M., Parmentier, H., y Molist, F. (2012). The effect of a mixture of dairy-based feed ingredients, vegetable fats, and yeast cell walls on performance and innate immunity of weaned piglets. Journal of Animal Science, 90 :269-271. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.51742.
Hammer, C., Winsco, K., Lucia, J., y Coverdale, J. (2011). Effect of dietary energy manipulation on mares and their foals: colostrum and IgG2. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 31 (5): 308-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2011.03.140.
Hodge, L., Rude, B., Dinh, T., y Lemley, C. (2016). Effect of ω-3 fatty acid supplementation to gestating and lactating mares on milk IgG, mare and foal blood concentrations of IgG, insulin and glucose, placental efficiency, and fatty acid composition of milk and serum from mares and foals. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 51: 70-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2016.11.014.
IMN (Instituto Meteorológico Nacional). (2018). Promedios mensuales de datos climáticos: La Argentina, Grecia. www.imn.ac.cr/ (Consultado 27 julio, 2018).
Kinal, S., Korniewicz, A., Rzasa, A., Korniewicz, D., Bialon, K., y Lubojemska, B. (2007). Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast metabolites on colostrum quality and passive immunity transfer in calves. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 51: 105-108.
Knottenbelt, D., Holdstock, N., y Madigan, J. (2004). Equine neonatology: medicine and surgery. Editorial Saunders Elsevier Science Limited. Reino Unido. p. 368.
Koke, K. (2014). Effects of dietary yeast supplementation on serum immunoglobulin concentrations in quarter horse mares. Tesis M.Sc., The Ohio State University, Estados Unidos. p. 240.
Korosue, K., Murase, H., Sato, F., Ishimaru, M., Kotoyori, Y., y Nambo, Y. (2012). Assessment for predicting parturition in mares based on prepartum temperature changes using a digital rectal thermometer and microchip transponder thermometry device. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 74 (7): 845-850. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.11-0497.
Krakowski, L., Krzyzanowski, J., Wrona, Z., y Siwicki, A.K. (1999). The effect of nonspecific immunostimulation of pregnant mares with 1,3/1,6 glucan and levamisole on the immunoglobulins levels in colostrum, selected indices of nonspecific cellular and humoral immunity in foals in neonatal and postnatal period. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 68 (1): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2427(99)00006-9.
Leimbach, R. (2015). Influence of a maternal dietary yeast supplement on immunoglobulin concentrations on quarter horse foals from birth to four months of age. Tesis M.Sc., The Ohio State University, Estados Unidos. p. 150.
Lenth, R. (2018). Emmeans: estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. R package version 1.2.3. cran.r-project.org/package=emmean2. (Consultado 27 julio, 2018).
Lizcano, L., y López, D. (2009). Creación de un banco de calostro comercial para potros. Tesis Lic, Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia. p. 57.
Matte, J., Girard, C., Seoane, J., y Brisson, G. (1982). Absorption of colostral immunoglobulin G in the newborn dairy calf. Journal of Dairy Science, 65 (9): 1765-1770. https://doi.org/ 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(82)82414-4.
Mauro, E., Queiroz, F., Assis, A., Batista, L., Corassa, A., Moreira, R., Pimentel, V., y Galzerano, L. (2005). Lactation in Mangalarga Marchador mares: yield production and composition of milk and weight gain of suckling foals. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 34(2): 627-634. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982005000200032.
McCue, P. (2014). Equine colostrum: the elixir of life for a newborn foal. csu-cvmbs.colostate.edu/documents/erl-colostrum-elixir-life-2014. (Consultado 27 julio, 2018).
McCue, P. (2016). ARS equine colostrum refractometer. Colorado State University. www.arssales.com/refractometer.html. (Consultado 27 julio, 2018).
NRC (National Research Council). (2007). Nutrient requirements of horses. Sexta Edición. National Academies Press, Estados Unidos. p. 341.
Pastrana, D. (2013). Plan de acción para implementación de un banco de calostro en el criadero caballar Mancilla Policía Nacional. Tesis Lic., Universidad de La Salle, Colombia. p. 40.
Perkins, G., y Wagner, B. (2015). The development of equine immunity: current knowledge of immunology on the young horse. Equine Veterinary Journal, 47 (3): 267-274. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.12387.
Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., Debroy, S., y Sarkar, D. (2018). nlme: linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. R package version 3.1-137. cran.r-project.org/package=nlme. (Consultado 27 julio, 2018).
Quigley, J., Lago, A., Chapman, C., Erickson, P., y Polo, J. (2013). Evaluation of the Brix refractometer to estimate immunoglobulin G concentration in bovine colostrum. Journal of Dairy Science. 96 (2): 1148-1155. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5823.
Raidal, S. (1996). The incidence and consequences of failure of passive transfer of immunity on a thoroughbred breeding farm. Australian Veterinary Journal, 73 (6): 201–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1996.tb10035.x.
Raidal, S., Mctaggart, C., y Penhale, J. (2005). Effect of withholding macromolecules in the duration of intestinal permeability to colostral IgG in foals. Australian Veterinary Journal, 83 (1-2): 78-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2005.tb12202.x.
R Core Team. (2018). R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for statistical computing, Vienna, Austria. www.r-project.org/. (Consultado 27 julio, 2018).
Robertson, K. (2004). Effect of mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation on the immune status of mares and their foals. Tesis M.Sc., Universidad de Florida, Estados Unidos. p. 73.
Rondón, I. (2004). Inmunoestimulantes en Medicina Veterinaria. Orinoquia. 8(2): 56-75.
Spring, P., Wenk, C., Connolly, A., y Kiers, A. (2015). A review of 733 published trials on BIO-MOS®, a mannan oligosaccharide, and Actigen®, a second-generation mannose rich fraction, on farm and companion animals. Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition, 3 (7): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1017/jan.2015.6.
Tizard, I. (2009). Veterinary Immunology: An Introduction. Sétima Edición. Saunders Elsevier. Missouri, Estados Unidos. p. 529.
Tizard, I. (2018). Inmunología Veterinaria. Décima Edición. Elsevier. Barcelona, España. p. 539.
Tran, H., Moreno, R., Hinkle, E., Bundy, J., Walter, J., Burkey, T., y Miller, P. (2012). Effects of lactose and yeast-dried milk on growth performance, fecal microbiota, and immune
parameters of nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 90 (9): 3049-3059. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4544.
Trotz, L., Leslie, K., y Peregrine, A. (2008). Passive immunity in Ontario dairy calves and investigation of its association with calf management practices. Journal of Dairy Science, 91 (10):3840-3849. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0898.
Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B., y Lewis, B.A. (1991). Method for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583-3597. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78551-2.
Walther, S., Rusitzka, T., Diesterbeck, U., y Czerny, C. (2015). Equine immunoglobulins and organization of immunoglobulin genes. Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 53 (2): 303-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2015.07.017.
Weedman, S., Rostagno, M., Patterson, J., Yoon, I., Fitzner, G., y Eicher, S. (2011). Yeast culture supplement during nursing and transport affects immunity and intestinal microbial ecology of weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 89 (6): 1908-1921. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-2539.
Benítez, L.M., Miranda, K., Arce, J.V., González-Castro, A.Y., Báez-Escalante, M.C., y Lara-Núñez, M.B. (2023). Evaluación de la calidad calostral post parto en yeguas y transferencia pasiva de la inmunidad en potrillos en un establecimiento del distrito de Filadelfia, departamento de Boquerón. Revista Investigaciones y Estudios - UNA, 14 (2): 7-14. https://doi.org/10.57201/ieuna2323328.
Besser, T., Garmedia, A., Mcguire, T., y Gay, C. (1985). Effect of colostral immunoglobulin G1 and immunoglobulin M concentrations on immunoglobulin absorption in calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 68 (8): 2033-2037. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(85)81065-1.
Bielman, V., Gillan, J., Perkins, N., Skidmore, A., Godden, S., y Leslie, K. (2010). An evaluation of brix refractometry instruments for measurement of colostrum quality in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 93 (8): 3713-3721. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2943
Buechner-Maxwell, V.A. (2005). Nutritional support for neonatal foals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, 21 (2): 487-510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2005.04.003.
Campos-Granados, C., y Rojas-Bourillon, A. (2015). Suplementación con pared celular y cultivo de levaduras en vacas prontas y su efecto sobre la calidad del calostro y el estado inmunológico de las terneras. Agronomía Costarricense, 39 (1): 121-129. https://doi.org/10.15517/RAC.V39I1.19550.
Cauchard, J., Sevin, C., Ballet, J., y Taouji, S. (2004). Foal IgG and opsonizing anti-Rhodococcus equi antibodies after immunization of pregnant mares with a protective VapA candidate vaccine. Veterinary Microbiology, 104 (1-2): 73-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.09.006.
Çilek, S. (2009). Environmental factors affecting growth characteristics in purebred Arabian foals reared at Anadolu state farm in Turkey. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 8 (1): 148-154. https://doi.org/10.36478/javaa.2009.148.154.
Devillers, N., Van Milgen, J., Prunier, A., y Le Dividich, J. (2004). Estimation of colostrum intake on the neonatal pig. Animal Science. 78 (2): 305-313. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1357729800054096.
Doreau, M., y Boulot, S. 1989. Methods of measurement of milk yield and composition in nursing mares: A review. Le Lait, 69 (3): 159-171. https://doi.org/10.1051/lait:1989313.
Earhard, M., Luft, C., Remler, H.P., y Stangassinger, M. (2001). Assessment of colostral transfer and systemic availability of immunoglobulin G in new-born foals using a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 85 (5-6): 164–173. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0396.2001.00313.x.
Elizondo, J. (2007). Alimentación y manejo del calostro en el ganado de leche. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 18 (2): 271-281. ISSN: 1021-7444.
Estepa, J., Mendoza, F., y Aguilera, E. (2007). Consideraciones clínicas en neonatología equina. Anales Real Academia de Ciencias Veterinarias de Andalucía Oriental, 20 (1): 159-172.
Faubladier, C., Julliand, V., Danel, J., y Philippeau, C. (2013). Bacterial carbohydrate-degrading capacity in foal faeces: changes from birth to pre-weaning and the impact of maternal supplementation with fermented feed products. British Journal of Nutrition. 110(6): 1040–1052. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512006162.
Franco, M., y Oliver, O. (2014). Enfermedades de los potros neonatos y su epidemiología: Una revisión. Revista de Medicina Veterinaria, 29: 91-105. https://doi.org/10.19052/mv.3449.
Galindo, C. (2009). Inmunodeficiencia pasiva en potranca media sangre y efectos colaterales sistémicos. Revista de Medicina Veterinaria, 17: 69-75. https://doi.org/10.19052/mv.1186.
Gerritsen, R., Klaassen, G., Schuttert, G., Rouwers, M., Parmentier, H., y Molist, F. (2012). The effect of a mixture of dairy-based feed ingredients, vegetable fats, and yeast cell walls on performance and innate immunity of weaned piglets. Journal of Animal Science, 90 :269-271. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.51742.
Hammer, C., Winsco, K., Lucia, J., y Coverdale, J. (2011). Effect of dietary energy manipulation on mares and their foals: colostrum and IgG2. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 31 (5): 308-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2011.03.140.
Hodge, L., Rude, B., Dinh, T., y Lemley, C. (2016). Effect of ω-3 fatty acid supplementation to gestating and lactating mares on milk IgG, mare and foal blood concentrations of IgG, insulin and glucose, placental efficiency, and fatty acid composition of milk and serum from mares and foals. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 51: 70-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2016.11.014.
IMN (Instituto Meteorológico Nacional). (2018). Promedios mensuales de datos climáticos: La Argentina, Grecia. www.imn.ac.cr/ (Consultado 27 julio, 2018).
Kinal, S., Korniewicz, A., Rzasa, A., Korniewicz, D., Bialon, K., y Lubojemska, B. (2007). Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast metabolites on colostrum quality and passive immunity transfer in calves. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 51: 105-108.
Knottenbelt, D., Holdstock, N., y Madigan, J. (2004). Equine neonatology: medicine and surgery. Editorial Saunders Elsevier Science Limited. Reino Unido. p. 368.
Koke, K. (2014). Effects of dietary yeast supplementation on serum immunoglobulin concentrations in quarter horse mares. Tesis M.Sc., The Ohio State University, Estados Unidos. p. 240.
Korosue, K., Murase, H., Sato, F., Ishimaru, M., Kotoyori, Y., y Nambo, Y. (2012). Assessment for predicting parturition in mares based on prepartum temperature changes using a digital rectal thermometer and microchip transponder thermometry device. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 74 (7): 845-850. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.11-0497.
Krakowski, L., Krzyzanowski, J., Wrona, Z., y Siwicki, A.K. (1999). The effect of nonspecific immunostimulation of pregnant mares with 1,3/1,6 glucan and levamisole on the immunoglobulins levels in colostrum, selected indices of nonspecific cellular and humoral immunity in foals in neonatal and postnatal period. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 68 (1): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2427(99)00006-9.
Leimbach, R. (2015). Influence of a maternal dietary yeast supplement on immunoglobulin concentrations on quarter horse foals from birth to four months of age. Tesis M.Sc., The Ohio State University, Estados Unidos. p. 150.
Lenth, R. (2018). Emmeans: estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. R package version 1.2.3. cran.r-project.org/package=emmean2. (Consultado 27 julio, 2018).
Lizcano, L., y López, D. (2009). Creación de un banco de calostro comercial para potros. Tesis Lic, Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia. p. 57.
Matte, J., Girard, C., Seoane, J., y Brisson, G. (1982). Absorption of colostral immunoglobulin G in the newborn dairy calf. Journal of Dairy Science, 65 (9): 1765-1770. https://doi.org/ 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(82)82414-4.
Mauro, E., Queiroz, F., Assis, A., Batista, L., Corassa, A., Moreira, R., Pimentel, V., y Galzerano, L. (2005). Lactation in Mangalarga Marchador mares: yield production and composition of milk and weight gain of suckling foals. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 34(2): 627-634. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982005000200032.
McCue, P. (2014). Equine colostrum: the elixir of life for a newborn foal. csu-cvmbs.colostate.edu/documents/erl-colostrum-elixir-life-2014. (Consultado 27 julio, 2018).
McCue, P. (2016). ARS equine colostrum refractometer. Colorado State University. www.arssales.com/refractometer.html. (Consultado 27 julio, 2018).
NRC (National Research Council). (2007). Nutrient requirements of horses. Sexta Edición. National Academies Press, Estados Unidos. p. 341.
Pastrana, D. (2013). Plan de acción para implementación de un banco de calostro en el criadero caballar Mancilla Policía Nacional. Tesis Lic., Universidad de La Salle, Colombia. p. 40.
Perkins, G., y Wagner, B. (2015). The development of equine immunity: current knowledge of immunology on the young horse. Equine Veterinary Journal, 47 (3): 267-274. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.12387.
Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., Debroy, S., y Sarkar, D. (2018). nlme: linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. R package version 3.1-137. cran.r-project.org/package=nlme. (Consultado 27 julio, 2018).
Quigley, J., Lago, A., Chapman, C., Erickson, P., y Polo, J. (2013). Evaluation of the Brix refractometer to estimate immunoglobulin G concentration in bovine colostrum. Journal of Dairy Science. 96 (2): 1148-1155. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5823.
Raidal, S. (1996). The incidence and consequences of failure of passive transfer of immunity on a thoroughbred breeding farm. Australian Veterinary Journal, 73 (6): 201–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1996.tb10035.x.
Raidal, S., Mctaggart, C., y Penhale, J. (2005). Effect of withholding macromolecules in the duration of intestinal permeability to colostral IgG in foals. Australian Veterinary Journal, 83 (1-2): 78-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2005.tb12202.x.
R Core Team. (2018). R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for statistical computing, Vienna, Austria. www.r-project.org/. (Consultado 27 julio, 2018).
Robertson, K. (2004). Effect of mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation on the immune status of mares and their foals. Tesis M.Sc., Universidad de Florida, Estados Unidos. p. 73.
Rondón, I. (2004). Inmunoestimulantes en Medicina Veterinaria. Orinoquia. 8(2): 56-75.
Spring, P., Wenk, C., Connolly, A., y Kiers, A. (2015). A review of 733 published trials on BIO-MOS®, a mannan oligosaccharide, and Actigen®, a second-generation mannose rich fraction, on farm and companion animals. Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition, 3 (7): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1017/jan.2015.6.
Tizard, I. (2009). Veterinary Immunology: An Introduction. Sétima Edición. Saunders Elsevier. Missouri, Estados Unidos. p. 529.
Tizard, I. (2018). Inmunología Veterinaria. Décima Edición. Elsevier. Barcelona, España. p. 539.
Tran, H., Moreno, R., Hinkle, E., Bundy, J., Walter, J., Burkey, T., y Miller, P. (2012). Effects of lactose and yeast-dried milk on growth performance, fecal microbiota, and immune
parameters of nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 90 (9): 3049-3059. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4544.
Trotz, L., Leslie, K., y Peregrine, A. (2008). Passive immunity in Ontario dairy calves and investigation of its association with calf management practices. Journal of Dairy Science, 91 (10):3840-3849. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0898.
Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B., y Lewis, B.A. (1991). Method for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583-3597. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78551-2.
Walther, S., Rusitzka, T., Diesterbeck, U., y Czerny, C. (2015). Equine immunoglobulins and organization of immunoglobulin genes. Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 53 (2): 303-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2015.07.017.
Weedman, S., Rostagno, M., Patterson, J., Yoon, I., Fitzner, G., y Eicher, S. (2011). Yeast culture supplement during nursing and transport affects immunity and intestinal microbial ecology of weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 89 (6): 1908-1921. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-2539.
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