El impacto del calor extremo en los eventos deportivos con gran afluencia de público: implicaciones para Australia y otros países
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15517/86rse790Resumen
OBJETIVOS: A medida que aumentan las temperaturas en todo el mundo debido al cambio climático, la exposición humana al calor extremo supone un reto para la salud pública. Durante los eventos deportivos los deportistas, los árbitros, los espectadores y el personal corren el riesgo de sufrir estrés térmico y las enfermedades derivadas de este. El objetivo de esta revisión fue explorar el impacto del calor en los resultados de salud de estos grupos y en el sistema sanitario en general, así como analizar las implicaciones para los eventos deportivos al aire libre que conllevan concentraciones masivas en Australia. DISEÑO: Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática para identificar la bibliografía publicada entre 2010 y 2023. MÉTODO: Se realizaron búsquedas en siete bases de datos —entre ellas, Web of Science, SportDiscus, Scopus, Medline, CINAHL, Emcare y PsychInfo— utilizando términos de búsqueda clave relevantes, tales como «heatwave» (ola de calor), «heat stress» (estrés térmico), «extreme heat» (calor extremo), «stadium» (estadio), «arena» (pabellón), «sports facilit*» (instalaciones deportivas*), «sport» (deporte), «athletic» (deportivo) y «Olympic» (Olímpico). Se llevó a cabo un análisis temático inductivo. Se comprobó la calidad de los artículos mediante las herramientas de evaluación crítica del Instituto Joanna Briggs y los datos se extrajeron a una hoja de cálculo, se tabularon y se sintetizaron. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron cuarenta artículos en el análisis final: 17 cuantitativos y 23 descriptivos y cualitativos (incluidas las revisiones). Los resultados de salud analizados en la bibliografía incluyeron la enfermedad por calor relacionada con el esfuerzo, el golpe de calor por esfuerzo, la hipertermia y las enfermedades generales provocadas por el calor. Surgieron seis temas de recomendación: planificación, estrategias de mitigación, aspectos médicos, políticas, investigación y educación. CONCLUSIONES: El impacto del calor en los resultados de salud durante los eventos deportivos es significativo, y debe ser tenido en cuenta por los participantes, los entrenadores, los árbitros y los organizadores antes, durante y después de los eventos deportivos con gran afluencia de público. Estos hallazgos pueden servir de base para estrategias de preparación fundamentadas en la evidencia, con el fin de proteger la salud de quienes asisten a eventos deportivos con gran afluencia de público o compiten en ellos, tanto en la actualidad como en el futuro.
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