Directrices y herramienta web de la Asociación de Medicina Deportiva de Australia para el manejo de riesgos por calor extremo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15517/qpkfc873Palabras clave:
deporte comunitario, seguridad frente al calor, transtornos del estrés por calor, refrigeración, mitigación del estrés térmico, clima calienteResumen
La nueva política sobre calor extremo (EHP, por sus siglas en inglés) publicada por Sports Medicine Australia (Asociación de Medicina Deportiva de Australia; las siglas en inglés son SMA) en 2021 (SMA EHP v1 [2021]) se diseñó para proteger a los adultos sanos que practican deportes recreativos frente a las enfermedades provocadas por el calor. Mediante el uso de un modelo biofísico básico de equilibrio térmico para estimar el riesgo de estrés térmico, esta política sobre calor extremo supuso una mejora significativa con respecto a la política utilizada anteriormente por la SMA (2009). Sin embargo, los comentarios de la comunidad pusieron de relieve oportunidades de mejora adicional. Concretamente, se informó de que el riesgo de estrés térmico se subestimaba en condiciones extremas de mucho calor y sequedad, pero se sobreestimaba en condiciones extremas de humedad. Dado que la SMA EHP v1 (2021) es un documento normativo impreso, los usuarios debían consultar manualmente los gráficos de 40 deportes —clasificados a grandes rasgos en cinco grupos distintos— para determinar el riesgo global de estrés térmico utilizando datos de temperatura y humedad extraídos de los servicios meteorológicos locales, un proceso vulnerable al error humano. En este trabajo, se propone una nueva actualización de la política de calor extremo de la SMA (SMA EHP v2 [2024]). Adaptando el modelo validado de Esfuerzo Térmico Predicho de la Organización Internacional de Normalización, se desarrollaron curvas de riesgo de estrés térmico actualizadas para los 40 deportes más populares de Australia con el objetivo de proporcionar una mayor protección en condiciones extremas de calor y sequedad, teniendo en cuenta las elevadas tasas de sudoración requeridas y el esfuerzo cardiovascular adicional. La SMA EHP v2 (2024) reduce la frecuencia (tasas) anteriormente elevada de interrupción del juego en condiciones extremas de humedad, recomendando preferentemente el enfriamiento activo y los descansos. También incorpora tasas metabólicas específicas de cada deporte, la vestimenta y las velocidades del viento autogeneradas para proporcionar estimaciones más precisas del riesgo de estrés térmico. Se describe una herramienta web multiplataforma de libre acceso que permite una implementación cómoda, con clasificación del riesgo específica por ubicación y hora a hora, recomendaciones jerárquicas de estrategias de reducción del riesgo y previsión del riesgo a 7 días (https://sma-heat-policy.sydney.edu.au). La plataforma se dirige a usuarios como administradores deportivos, entrenadores y equipos médicos deportivos responsables de la seguridad y el bienestar de adultos sanos que practican deportes recreativos y comunitarios en climas cálidos, así como personas que deseen gestionar el riesgo de estrés térmico durante actividades de entrenamiento planificadas.
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