Diretrizes e ferramenta on-line da Associação Australiana de Medicina Esportiva para o gerenciamento de riscos relacionados ao calor extremo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15517/qpkfc873Palavras-chave:
esporte comunitário, segurança térmica, distúrbios relacionados ao estresse térmico, mitigação do estresse térmico, clima quenteResumo
A nova Política de Calor Extremo (EHP, na sigla em inglês), publicada pela Sports Medicine Australia (Associação de Medicina Esportiva da Austrália; SMA) em 2021 (SMA EHP v1 [2021]), foi elaborada para proteger adultos saudáveis que praticam esportes recreativos de doenças relacionadas ao calor. Ao utilizar um modelo biofísico básico de equilíbrio térmico para estimar o risco de estresse térmico, esta política de calor extremo representou uma melhoria significativa em relação à política anteriormente utilizada pela SMA (2009). No entanto, os comentários da comunidade destacaram oportunidades para melhorias adicionais. Especificamente, foi relatado que o risco de estresse térmico foi subestimado em condições extremas de calor intenso e seca, mas superestimado em condições extremas de umidade. Como a SMA EHP v1 (2021) é um documento normativo impresso, os usuários tiveram que consultar manualmente os gráficos de 40 modalidades esportivas — classificadas em cinco grupos distintos — para determinar o risco geral de estresse térmico usando dados de temperatura e umidade obtidos de serviços meteorológicos locais, um processo vulnerável a erros humanos. Neste trabalho, é proposta uma nova atualização da política de calor extremo da SMA (SMA EHP v2 [2024]). Adaptando o modelo validado de Previsão de Estresse Térmico da Organização Internacional de Normalização, curvas de risco de estresse térmico atualizadas foram desenvolvidas para os 40 esportes mais populares da Austrália, com o objetivo de proporcionar maior proteção em condições de calor extremo e seca, levando em consideração as altas taxas de transpiração exigidas e o esforço cardiovascular adicional. A SMA EHP v2 (2024) reduz a frequência (taxas) anteriormente elevada de interrupções de jogo em condições de humidade extrema, recomendando preferencialmente o resfriamento ativo e pausas. O método também incorpora taxas metabólicas específicas do esporte, vestimentas e velocidades do vento autogeradas para fornecer estimativas mais precisas do risco de estresse térmico. É descrita uma ferramenta on-line multiplataforma gratuita que permite uma implementação conveniente, com classificação de risco específica para cada local e hora a hora, recomendações hierárquicas para estratégias de redução de risco e previsão de risco de 7 dias (https://sma-heat-policy.sydney.edu.au). A plataforma destina-se a usuários como administradores esportivos, treinadores e equipes de medicina esportiva responsáveis pela segurança e bem-estar de adultos saudáveis que praticam esportes recreativos e comunitários em climas quentes, bem como a indivíduos que desejam gerir o risco de estresse térmico durante atividades de treino planeadas.
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