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Los modelos animales de miedo y ansiedad se han utilizado para la comprensión de trastornos de ansiedad en humanos, sin embargo no ha sido fácil diferenciar ambos conceptos a nivel fisiológico y conductual. Una forma de modelar estos trastornos es mediante pruebas conductuales de ansiedad (como el laberinto en cruz elevado o la prueba de campo abierto) y de miedo (como el condicionamiento al miedo y la evitación activa). Además, estos modelos permiten estudiar diferentes áreas cerebrales involucradas como la amígdala, el hipocampo y la corteza prefrontal. En general, el miedo y la ansiedad se pueden considerar respuestas adaptativas normales, sin embargo niveles elevados de ambos pueden generar consecuencias perjudiciales para el individuo.
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