Supplementary Files
Keywords
OAXACA-BLINDER
WAGE STRUCTURE
PAYMENT STRUCTURE
SALARY
DIFERENCIAL SALARIAL
OAXACA-BLINDER
ESTRUCTURA SALARIAL
ESTRUCTURA DE PAGOS
SALARIO
How to Cite
Abstract
This document identifies the proportion of the wage gap between the public and private sector in Costa Rica that is due to the difference in the workers’ characteristics, as well as the proportion attributed to the difference in the payment structures, according to 2006 and 2016 household surveys. The results show that the wage gap between the public sector and the private sector in Costa Rica has widened between 2006 and 2016 (approximately from 59% to 64% in the case of men, and from 59% to 66% in the case of women) and that the portion attributable to the difference in the payment structure of each sector has remained remarkably similar for male workers (28% in 2006 and 25% in 2016), while it has increased for female workers (16% in 2006 and 35% in 2016).
References
Antón, J. I., & Muñoz de Bustillo, R. (2015). Public-private sector wage differentials in Spain. An updated picture in the midst of the Great Recession. Investigación Económica, 74(292), 115–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inveco.2015.08.005
Asamblea Legislativa de la República de Costa Rica. (1943). Código de Trabajo. Versión 32 del 25/01/2016 http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param1=NRTC&nValor1=1&nValor2=8045&nValor3=109068&strTipM=TC
Asamblea Nacional Constituyente. (1949). Constitución Política de la República de Costa Rica. Versión 19 del 23/05/2018. http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param1=NRTC&nValor1=1&nValor2=871&nValor3=113368&strTipM=TC
Belcher, D. S. (1973). Sistemas de retribución y administración de salarios. Deusto.
Blinder, A. S. (1973). Wage discrimination: reduced form and structural estimates. The Journal of Human Resources, 8(4), 436–455. https://doi.org/10.2307/144855
Cardozo Rodas, V. (1990). Política salarial del estado costarricense: Carazo, Monge, Arias. EUNA.
Castro, C. (1989). Política salarial: ¿estancamiento o deterioro de los salarios reales? (1979 - 1988). Centro de Estudios para la Acción Social.
Cedeño Rodríguez, J., González Méndez, A. & Pizarro Medina, K. P. (2015). Discriminación salarial por género en Costa Rica durante los ciclos económicos del período 1992 – 2013. [Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad de Costa Rica]. http://hdl.handle.net/10669/29982
Cerda, R. A. (2016). Remuneraciones del sector público: ¿Mayores que en el sector privado?. Estudios Públicos, 142, 7-35. https://doi.org/10.38178/cep.vi142.161
Contreras Guajardo, D., Hurtado, A., & Sara, M. F. (2012). La excepción chilena y las percepciones de género en la participación laboral femenina. [Serie Documentos de Trabajo, No. 374]. Universidad de Chile. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/143740
Coppin, A., & Olsen, R. N. (2007). Public vs. private sector earnings differentials in the Caribbean region: evidence from the economy of Trinidad & Tobago. The Journal of Developing Areas, 40(2), 51–74. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2007.0017
Depalo, D., & Giordano, R. (2011). The public-private pay gap: a robust quantile approach. [Working Papers, No. 824]. Bank of Italy. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1960983
Díaz Delgado, E. & Solano Cordero, V. (2015). Diferencial salarial entre graduados de colegios académicos y colegios técnicos en Costa Rica [Tesis para optar por la Licenciatura). Universidad de Costa Rica]. http://hdl.handle.net/10669/29979
Fuentes, A., & Vergara, R. (2018). Premio salarial en el sector público: Evolución en el periodo 1990-2017. Estudios Públicos, 152, 7–45. https://doi.org/10.38178/cep.vi152.43
Gindling, T. H. (1993). ¿Por qué las mujeres ganan menos que los hombres en Costa Rica?. Revista de Ciencias Económicas, 13(1-2), 3–31.
Gornick, J. C., & Jacobs, J. A. (1998). Gender, the welfare state, and public employment: A comparative study of seven industrialized countries. American Sociological Review, 6(5), 688–710. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657334
Gunderson, M. (1979). Earnings differentials between the public and private sectors. Canadian Journal of Economics, 12(2), 228–242. https://doi.org/10.2307/134598
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (2006). Encuesta de Hogares de Propósitos Múltiples 2006, Julio 2006. http://sistemas.inec.cr/pad5/index.php/catalog/109
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (2016a). Encuesta Nacional de Hogares 2016, Julio 2016. http://sistemas.inec.cr/pad5/index.php/catalog/165
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (2016b). Encuesta Nacional de Hogares 2016, Julio 2016. [Diccionario de datos, variable, SecInsPri: Sector institucional empleo principal] http://sistemas.inec.cr/pad5/index.php/catalog/165/data-dictionary/F2?file_name=ENAHO%202016
Loría, M. & Umaña, C. (2014). Costa Rica: empleo y política salarial del sector público. [Serie Programa Visión, No. PV-02-14]. Academia de Centroamérica. https://www.academiaca.or.cr/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/empleo-y-politica-salarial-del-sector-publico.pdf
Loría, M., & Umaña, C. (2015). Costa Rica: la sostenibilidad fiscal de una economía endeudada. [Serie Visión Costa Rica, No. PV-03-15]. Academia de Centroamérica. https://www.academiaca.or.cr/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Sostenibilidad-fiscal-de-una-economia-endeudada.pdf
Melly, B. (2005). Public-private sector wage differentials in Germany: Evidence from quantile regression. Empirical Economics, 30(2), 505–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-005-0251-y
Mincer, J. (1962). Labor force participation of married women: A study of labor supply. En Universities-National Bureau Committee for Economic Research. Aspects of labor economics (pp. 63–105). Princeton University Press. http://www.nber.org/chapters/c0603
Ministerio de Hacienda (2011). Clasificador Institucional del Sector Público. https://www.hacienda.go.cr/docs/51dedd6dcf55c_CLASIFICADORINSTITUCIONALDELSECTORPUBLICO2011.pdf
Mizala, A., Romaguera, P., & Gallegos, S. (2011). Public–private wage gap in Latin America (1992–2007): A matching approach. Labour Economics, 18(Supplement 1), S115–S131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2011.08.004
Mueller, R. E. (1998). Public–private sector wage differentials in Canada: evidence from quantile regressions. Economics Letters, 60(2), 229–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1765(98)00110-4
Nasir, Z. M. (2000). Earnings differential between public and private sectors in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 39(2), 111–130. https://doi.org/10.30541/v39i2pp.111-130
Nelson, M. A., & Singh, R. D. (1994). The deficit-growth connection: Some recent evidence from developing countries. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 43(1), 167–191. https://doi.org/10.1086/452140
Oaxaca, R. (1973). Male-female wage differentials between the public and private sectors. International Economic Review, 14(3), 693–709. https://doi.org/10.2307/2525981
Panizza, U. (2001). Public Sector Wages and Bureaucratic Quality: Evidence from Latin America. Economía, 2(1), 97–139. https://doi.org/10.1353/eco.2001.0015
Rodríguez Zúñiga, M. & Segura Díaz, M. M. (2015). ¿Existe un techo de cristal en la distribución salarial femenina en Costa Rica? [Tesis para optar por el grado de Licenciatura, Universidad de Costa Rica]. http://hdl.handle.net/10669/29981
Sáenz, M. (2000). La Política Salarial en el Sector Público Costarricense. Análisis del periodo 1986 - 1994. Universidad de Costa Rica.
Smith, S. P. (1976). Pay differentials between federal government and private sector workers. ILR Review, 29(2), 179–197. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979397602900201
Stelcner, M., Van der Gaag, J., & Vijverberg, W. (1989). A switching regression model of public-private sector wage differentials in Peru: 1985-86. The Journal of Human Resources, 24(3), 545–559. https://doi.org/10.2307/145827
Tansel, A. (2005). Public-private employment choice, wage differentials, and gender in Turkey. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 53(2), 453–477. https://doi.org/10.1086/425374
Van Ophem, H. (1993). A modified switching regression model for earnings differentials between the public and private sectors in the Netherlands. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 75(2), 215–224. https://doi.org/10.2307/2109426