Keywords
plantas vasculares, diversidad florística, islas oceánicas, Isla del Coco.
How to Cite
Abstract
Introduction: The flora of Isla del Coco has been the subject of various collection studies and publications efforts for more than 300 years. During these years 263 species were registered; however, there have been nomenclature and classification changes, and an increase of known species since the last publication. Objective: To prepare an updated catalog of the vascular plants of Isla del Coco. Methods: The catalog present here is based on the review of herbarium specimens, publications, and plants collected between 2016 and 2017 by the authors. An updated list of plants on the island was prepared. In addition, the estimated richness and the quality of the inventory were determined through biodiversity estimators and the proportion of species according to their form, epiphytic habitat, and origin. Results: 296 species of vascular plants were registered, corresponding to 199 genera and 82 families, which represents about 80% of the expected diversity according to the estimators used (Chao-1 and Clench equation). Of the total, 219 (74%) species are native and 77 (26%) are introduced. Native species include angiosperms (53%), ferns (44%) and lycophytes (3%), and those introduced are represented only by angiosperms. The most diverse families and genera and the most common or abundant species are indicated. From the native flora, 48 spp. (22%) are endemic, and is mainly composed of ferns (58%). The flora has a high proportion of herbaceous species (63%) and a low representation of arborescent species (12%) and vines (8%). There is also a high proportion of epiphytes (20% of the total flora), mostly composed of ferns (69%). This study added 45 new species records to the island, of which 16 are new species for science and endemic to the island, and eight are introduced species. Thirty-six species names were updated or corrected compared to Trusty et al. (2006). A catalog of species with annotations is provided. Conclusions: The flora of Isla del Coco presents certain peculiarities that distinguish it from other Pacific oceanic islands, especially due to the high proportion of endemic ferns, and the high diversity of this group in general, and the relatively low percentage of endemism. Also, characteristics as the low diversity of tree species, with high dominance of Sacoglottis holdridgei in all the forests of the island, and the high proportion of epiphytic species, mainly composed of ferns. The proportion of introduced species is relatively low, compared to other oceanic Pacific islands.
References
Acosta-Vargas, L. (2016). Population status of the tree Sacoglottis holdridgei (Humiriaceae) at Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 64(Supplement 1), 263-275.
APG IV. (2016). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 181(1), 1-20.
Belcher, E. (1843). Narrative of a voyage round the world, performed in her majesty’s ship Sulphur during the years 1836-1842. Vol. 1. London, UK: Henry Colburn.
Bentham, G. (1844). The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur, Under Command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, During the Years 1836-42. London, UK: Smith, Elder & Co.
Bogarín, D., Warner, J., Powell, M., & Savolainen, V. (2011). The orchid flora of Cocos Island National Park, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 166, 20-39.
Chaves Fallas, J. M. (2011). Nuevo registro de Miconia chrysophylla (Rich.) Urb. (Melastomataceae) para la Isla del Coco, Costa Rica. Brenesia, 75-76, 101-102.
Colwell, R. K. (1997). EstimateS: Statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Versión 6.0b1. User´s Guide and application published. Recuperado de http://viceroy.eeb.uconn.edu./estimates.
Dampier. W. (1699). A new voyage round the world. IV edition corrected. Vol.1. London: The Crown in St. Pauls Church-yard. Recuperado de https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=adsNAAAAQAAJ&hl=es&pg=GBS.PP9
Decreto Ejecutivo 8748. La Gaceta Diario Oficial, San José, Costa Rica, 11 de julio de 1978.
Fosberg, F. R. & Klawe, W. L. (1966). Preliminary list of plants from Cocos Island. En R. I. Bowman. (Ed.), The Galápagos. Proceedings of the Symposia of the Galápagos International Scientific Project (pp. 187-189). California, USA: University of California Press.
Gómez, L. D. (1975 a). The ferns and fern-allies of Cocos Island, Costa Rica . American Fern Journal, 65(4), 102-4.
Gómez, L. D. (1975 b). Contribuciones a la pteridología costarricense. VII. Pteridofitos de la Isla de Cocos. Brenesia, 6, 33-48.
González, J. (2015). Turneraceae. En B. E. Hammel, M. H. Grayum, C. Herrera, & N. Zamora (Eds.). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica, vol. VIII. Dicotiledóneas: Sabiaceae-Zygophyllaceae. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, 131, 459.
Hammel, B. E., Grayum, M. H., Herrera, C., & Zamora, N. (Eds.). (2004). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica. vol. I. Introducción/Introduction. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, 97, 2.
Hammel, B. E., Grayum, M. H., Herrera, C., & Zamora, N. (Eds.). (2003a). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica, vol. II. Gimnospermas y Monocotiledóneas: Agavaceae-Musaceae. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, 92, 1-694.
Hammel, B. E., Grayum, M. H., Herrera, C., & Zamora, N. (Eds.). (2003b). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica, vol. III. Monocotiledóneas: Orchidaceae-Zingiberaceae. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, 93, 1-884.
Hammel, B. E., Grayum, M. H., Herrera, C., & Zamora, N. (Eds.). (2010). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica, vol. VI. Dicotiledóneas: Clusiaceae-Gunneraceae. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, 119, 1-970.
Hammel, B. E., Grayum, M. H., Herrera, C., & Zamora, N. (Eds.). (2007). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica, vol. V. Dicotiledóneas: Haloragaceae-Phytolaccaceae. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, 111, 1-933.
Hammel, B. E., Grayum, M. H., Herrera, C., & Zamora, N. (Eds.). (2014). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica, vol. VII. Dicotiledóneas: Picramniaceae-Rutaceae Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, 129, 1-840.
Hammel, B. E., Grayum, M. H., Herrera, C., & Zamora, N. (Eds.). (2015). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica, vol. VIII. Dicotiledóneas: Sabiaceae-Zygophyllaceae. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, 131, 1-657.
Herrera, W. (1985). Clima de Costa Rica. San José, Costa Rica: EUNED.
Igea, J., Bogarín, D., Papadopulos, A.S.T & Savolainen, V. (2015). A comparative analysis of island floras challenges taxonomy-based biogeographical models of speciation. Evolution, 69(2), 482-491.
Instituto Geográfico Nacional de Costa Rica (IGNCR). (2000). Hoja Isla del Coco. Costa Rica. Escala 1: 25000.
Jiménez-Valverde, A. & Hortal, J. (2003). Las curvas de acumulación de especies y la necesidad de evaluar la calidad de los inventarios biológicos. Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, 8, 151-161.
Kriebel, R. & Almeda, F. (2012). Five new species of Miconia (Melastomataceae: Miconieae) from Costa Rica and Panamá. Harvard Papers in Botany, 17(1), 53-64.
Lavergne, C., Rameau, J. C., & Figier, J. (1999). The invasive woody weed Ligustrum robustum subsp. walkeri threatens native forests on La Réunion. Biological Invasions, 1, 377-392.
Lonsdale, W. M. (1999). Global patterns of plant invasions and the concept of invasibility. Ecology, 80, 1522-1536.
Morales, J. F. (2003). Poaceae. En B. E. Hammel, M. H. Grayum, C. Herrera, & N. Zamora. Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica, vol. III. Monocotiledóneas: Orchidaceae-Zingiberaceae. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, 93, 598-821.
Nivia Ruíz, A. & Cascante Marín, A. (2008). Distribución de las formas de vida en la flora costarricense. Brenesia, 69, 1-17.
Pena, N. T. L., Freitas, J., & Alves-Araújo, A. (2017). Elaphoglossum maya and E. rojasii (Dryopteridaceae), replacement names for E. angustifrons and E. reptans, respectively. Phytotaxa, 307(2), 159-160.
Pittier, H. (1899). Apuntamientos preliminares sobre la Isla de Cocos, posesión costarricense en el Océano Pacífico. Memoria de la Secretaría de Fomento 1898/1899. Costa Rica, San José: Tipografía Nacional.
Robinson, B. L. (1902). Flora of the Galápagos Islands. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, new series, no. 24. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 38(4), 77-269.
Rojas Alvarado, A. F. (2007). Novedades en Polybotrya (Filicales: Dryopteridaceae) para Costa Rica. Lankesteriana, 7(3): 557-562.
Rojas Alvarado, A. F. (2009). Two new species and a new combination in Elaphoglossum sect. Polytrichia subsect. Apoda (Dryopteridaceae) from Costa Rica and Panama. Brittonia, 61(3), 293-300.
Rojas Alvarado, A. F. (2011). New species and new records of ferns (Pteridophyta: Polypodiales) from Cocos Island, Costa Rica. Brenesia, 75-76, 7-15.
Rojas Alvarado, A. F. (2013a). Novelties in Grammitis Sw. and Stenogrammitis Labiak (Polypodiaceae) from Costa Rica, Colombia, y Venezuela. Actualidades Biológicas, 35(98), 5-10.
Rojas Alvarado, A. F. (2013b). Notas taxonómicas en Danaea Sm. (Marattiaceae) para Costa Rica, Panamá y Colombia. Actualidades Biológicas, 35(98), 11-20.
Rojas Alvarado, A. F. (2017). A new species and three hybrids in the ferns from Cocos Island, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Acta Botánica Malacitana, 42(1), 91-99.
Rojas Alvarado, A. F. (2019). Corrections in recently described species of ferns and Lycophytes from the Neotropics. Open Access Library Journal, 6(e5172), 1-7.
Rojas Alvarado, A. F., & Trusty, J. (2004). Diversidad Pteridofítica de la Isla del Coco, Costa Rica. Brenesia, 62, 1-14.
Rojas-Alvarado, A. F., & Chaves-Fallas, J. M. (2011). Una especie nueva de Spathiphyllum (Araceae) para Costa Rica. Brenesia, 75-76, 4-6.
Rose, J. N. (1892). List of plants from Cocos Island. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, 1, 135.
Rueda, R., & Hammel, B. E. (2015). Verbenaceae. En B. E. Hammel, M. H. Grayum, C. Herrera, & N. Zamora (Eds.). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica, vol. VIII. Dicotiledóneas: Sabiaceae-Zygophyllaceae. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, 131, 573-574.
Sánchez-González, J., & Rodríguez, A. (2017). Una especie nueva de Tachia (Gentianaceae) de Isla del Coco, Costa Rica. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 11(2), 328-333.
Soberón, J., & Llorente, J. (1993). The use of species accumulation functions for the prediction of species richness. Conservation Biology, 7, 480-488.
Stewart, A. (1912). Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galápagos Islands. 1905–1906. V. Notes of the botany of Cocos Island. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th series, 1, 375-404.
Svenson, H. K. (1935). Plants of the Astor Expedition, 1930 (Galápagos and Cocos Islands). American Journal of Botany, 22, 208-277.
Svenson, H. K. (1938). Pteridophyta of the Galápagos and Cocos Islands. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 65, 303–333.
Tang, G., & Zhang, L. (2018). Tectaria moranii (Tectariaceae), a new fern species from Costa Rica. Phytotaxa, 357 (3), 230-234.
Taylor, C. M. (2014). Rubiaceae. En B. E. Hammel, M. H. Grayum, C. Herrera & N. Zamora (Eds.). 2014. Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica, vol. VII. Dicotiledóneas: Picramniaceae-Rutaceae. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, 129, 464-779.
Trusty, J. L., Kesler, H. C., & Haug Delgado, G. (2006). Vascular flora of Isla del Coco, Costa Rica. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 57(7), 247-355.
Comments
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2020 Revista de Biología Tropical