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Introducción: Los efectos de la pérdida y fragmentación de hábitats en la vida silvestre son procesos complejos, influenciados por factores más allá del tamaño y el aislamiento del hábitat. Por ejemplo, la calidad de la matriz circundante, los efectos inducidos por los bordes y la proximidad a grandes áreas forestales son de particular importancia. Estos factores pueden facilitar o limitar los movimientos de los animales, y, por lo tanto, la persistencia de las poblaciones en paisajes modificados por humanos, como ocurre en los fragmentos de bosque que aún existen en algunas regiones de Costa Rica.
Objetivo: Investigar cómo la composición del paisaje influye en los mamíferos terrestres de tamaño mediano (< 10 kg) y grande (> 10 kg) que viven en un paisaje agrícola. Para ello, realizamos un estudio de las especies de mamíferos en 30 sitios de la región de Sarapiquí, Costa Rica.
Métodos: Utilizamos 45 cámaras trampa para evaluar la riqueza y la composición de las especies de mamíferos en fragmentos de bosque situados entre plantaciones de piña y pastizales, desde 2013 hasta 2014. Calculamos las estimaciones de riqueza utilizando modelos de captura-recaptura para poblaciones cerradas. Ajustamos estos modelos para el análisis de datos de conteo repetido, con el fin de identificar los tipos de cobertura del paisaje que mejor explican la riqueza de especies.
Resultados: Se registraron 22 especies de mamíferos, pertenecientes a nueve órdenes y 16 familias. A pesar de la pérdida de hábitat, la fragmentación y las presiones de las prácticas agrícolas a lo largo de los años, la región de Sarapiquí conserva una parte significativa de su fauna mamífera nativa, comparada con los inventarios históricos disponibles para el área. Descubrimos que la cobertura forestal es el mejor predictor de los niveles de riqueza de especies.
Conclusión: Muchas especies dependientes del bosque, como el amenazado tapir de Baird, pueden prosperar en hábitats fragmentados dentro de paisajes agrícolas, mientras que otras parecen verse fuertemente afectadas por la modificación del hábitat y el tipo de uso del suelo. Las áreas forestales y los pastizales con alta densidad de árboles dispersos, así como la proximidad a grandes extensiones de bosque, podrían mejorar la conservación de las comunidades de mamíferos, a pesar del intenso uso humano del suelo en estos paisajes agrícolas.
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