Abstract
This article presents the results of a study conducted in the Brazilian higher education system aiming at analyzing the contributions of virtual exchange programs to the development of intercultural competence in students. The unprecedented study assists to enrich the limited body of knowledge about virtual exchanges in Brazil. The units of analysis consisted of member institutions of the Brazilian Association for International Education (FAUBAI) that were already running virtual exchange programs in 2020. The study follows an exploratory qualitative research approach based on semi-structured interviews with international office administrators of the institutions analyzed. What stands out among the study’s main findings is the fact that, Brazilian international office administrators consider virtual exchanges as an important tool for Internationalization at Home, and thus, a path toward a more inclusive internationalization model. Even with all the difficulties, such as: major technical issues, low level of language proficiency in faculty and students, lack of commitment and the disadvantages deriving from lack of a deeper and more intense cultural immersion when compared to real-life experiences, there is a consensus that virtual exchanges do contribute toward the development of intercultural competence in students. Therefore, it seems important to promote more Internationalization at Home initiatives to create more circumstances of proximity with other cultures and second-language learning opportunities.
References
Altbach, Philip., and Knight, Jane. (2007). The internationalization of higher education Motivations and realities. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11(3/4), 290-305.
Amemado, Dodzi. (2019). Dominant Trends of Online Education in International Higher Education. In Rebecca Schendel, Lisa Unangst, Jean Baptiste Diatta, Tessa DeLaquil, and Hans De Wit (Eds.), The Boston College Center for International Higher Education, Year in Review, 2018–2019 (pp. 10-11). https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/bc1/schools/lsoe/sites/cihe/publication/pdf/Perspectives%20No%2013%20Yearbook.pdf.
Bassani, Patrícia., and Buchem, Ilona. (2019). Virtual exchanges in higher education: developing intercultural skills of students across borders through online collaboration. RIITE. Revista Interuniversitaria de Investigación en Tecnología Educativa, (6), 22-36. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/riite.377771
Beelen, Jos., and Jones, Elspeth. (2015). Redefining Internationalization at Home. In Adrian Curaj, Liviu Matei, Remus Pricopie, Jamil Salmi, and Peter Scott (Eds.), The European Higher Education Area (pp. 59-72). doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20877-0_5
Bennett, Milton James. (1986). A developmental approach to training for intercultural sensitivity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10, 179-196. https://www.idrinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/DMIS-IJIR.pdf
Bennett, Janet M. (2009). Cultivating Intercultural Competence. A Process Perspective. In Darla Kay Deardorff (Ed.), The Sage Handbook of Intercultural Competence (pp. 121-140). Thousand Oaks, California. Sage Publications.
British Council and Instituto de Pesquisa Data Popular. (2014). Demandas de aprendizagem de inglês no Brasil. British Council. https://www.britishcouncil.org.br/sites/default/files/demandas_de_aprendizagempesquisacompleta.pdf
Deardorff, Darla Kay. (2004). The identification and Assessment of Intercultural Competence as a Student Outcome of Internationalization at Institutions of Higher Education in the United States (Doctoral dissertation of Education). North Carolina State University, Raleigh, United State. https://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/bitstream/handle/1840.16/5733/etd.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Deardorff, Darla Kay. (2008). Intercultural Competence. In Victor Savicki (Ed.), Developing Intercultural Competence and Transformation (pp. 32-52). Sterling, Virginia: Stylus Publishing.
Denzin, Norman Kent., and Lincoln, Yvonna Sessions. (2011). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
De Wit, Hans. (2009). Estrategias de internacionalización de instituciones de educación superior en América Latina y Europa. In Norberto Fernández Lamarra (Ed.), Universidad, Sociedad e Innovación. Una perspectiva internacional (pp. 68-93). Buenos Aires: EDUNTREF.
De Wit, Hans. (2016). Internationalisation and the role of online intercultural exchange. In Robert O’Dowd and Tim Lewis (Eds.), Online intercultural exchange: Policy, pedagogy, practice (pp. 69–82). New York: Routledge.
Gacel-Ávila, Jocelyne. (2012). Comprehensive internationalisation in Latin America. Higher Education Policy, 25, 493–510. doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/hep.2012.9
González Bello, Edgar Oswaldo., y García-Meza, Isabel María. (2021). Internacionalización del currículo en México desde la innovación de asignaturas en inglés. Revista Actualidades Investigativas en Educación, 21(2), 1-31. doi: https://doi.org/10.15517/aie.v21i2.46781
Gullahorn, John T., and Gullahorn, Jeanne E. (1963). An extension of the U-curve Hypothesis. Journal of Social Issues, 3, 33-47.
Hudzik, John. (2011). Comprehensive Internationalization. From Concept to Action. Washington, D.C.: NAFSA-Association of International Educators.
International Association of Universities (IAU). (2010). Internationalization of Higher Education: Global trends, regional perspectives (IAU 3rd Global Survey, Report). Paris: UNESCO.
International Association of Universities (IAU). (2020). Regional/National Perspectives on the Impact of COVID-19 on Higher Education. Paris: International Association of Universities. https://www.iau-aiu.net/IMG/pdf/iau_covid-19_regional_perspectives_on_the_impact_of_covid-19_on_he_july_2020_.pdf
Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira (Inep). (2020). Censo da Educação Superior 2019. https://download.inep.gov.br/educacao_superior/censo_superior/documentos/2020/Apresentacao_Censo_da_Educacao_Superior_2019.pdf
King, Patricia., and Baxter Magolda, Marcia. (2005). A developmental model of intercultural maturity. Journal of College Student Development, 46(6), 571-592. https://www.academia.edu/18356854/A_Developmental_Model_of_Intercultural_Maturity
Kopish, Michael., and Marques, Welisson. (2020) Leveraging technology to promote global citizenship in teacher education in the United States and Brazil. Research in Social Sciences and Technology, 5(1), 45-69.
Knight, Jane. (2004). Internationalization remodeled: Definitions, rationales and approaches. In Journal of Studies in International Education, 8(1), 5-31.
Knight, Jane. (2012). Concepts, Rationales and Interpretive Frameworks in the Internationalization of Higher Education. In Darla Kay Deardorff, Hans De Wit, John Heyl, and Tony Adams (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of International Higher Education (pp. 27-42). Los Angeles, California: SAGE Publications.
Knight, Jane., and Lee, Jack. (2012). International joint, double, and consecutive degree programs: New developments, issues, and challenges. In Darla Kay Deardorff, Hans De Wit, John Heyl and Tony Adams (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of International Higher Education (pp. 343-357). Los Angeles, California: SAGE Publication.
Martínez-Bello, Vladimir., Díaz-Barahona, José., and Bernabé-Villodre, María del Mar. (2021). University experience of a tutorial action programme during the COVID-19 lockdown in teacher training at a Valencian University (Spain). Revista Actualidades Investigativas en Educación, 21(2), 1-28. doi: https://doi.org/10.15517/aie.v21i2.46793
Nilsson, Bengt. (2000). Internationalising the curriculum. In Paul, Crowther, Michael, Joris, Matthias, Otten, Bengt, Nilsson, Hanneke, Teekens, and Bernd, Wächter, Internationalisation at home: a position paper (pp. 21-28). Amsterdam: EAIE. https://www.internationalisering.nl/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Internationalisation-at-Home-A-Position-Paper.pdf
Observatorio Iberoamericano de la Ciencia, la Tecnología y la Sociedad. (2019). Informe de Coyuntura Nº 6. Buenos Aires: Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura. http://octs.ricyt.org/coyuntura/coyuntura06.html
O’Dowd, Robert. (2018). From telecollaboration to Virtual Exchange: state-of-the-art and the role of UNICollaboration in moving forward. Journal of VE, 1, 1-23. Doi https://doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2018.jve.1
Salomão, Ana Cristina B., and Freire Junior, José Celso. (2020) (Eds.). Perspectivas de internacionalização em casa: intercâmbio virtual por meio do Programa BRaVE/Unesp. São Paulo: Cultura Acadêmica Editora.
Schmidmeier, Janete., and Takahashi, Adriana Roseli Wünsch. (2018). Competência intercultural grupal: uma proposição de conceito. Cadernos EBAPE.BR., 16(1), 135-151. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1679-395159430
Stallivieri, Luciane., and Tabajara Vianna, Cleverson. (2020). Responsible Internationalization – New Paradigms For Cooperation Between HEIs. REGIT, 14(2), 9-30. http://www.revista.fatecitaqua.edu.br/index.php/regit/article/view/REGIT14-D1.
Stebbins, Robert. (2001). Exploratory Research in the Social Sciences. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
Succi Junior, Osvaldo. (2020). Projetos colaborativos internacionais na unidade de ensino superior de graduação: a evolução dos intercâmbios virtuais no Centro Paula Souza. REGIT, 14(2), 126-140. http://www.revista.fatecitaqua.edu.br/index.php/regit/article/view/REGIT14-D9