Abstract
Research using eye-tracking technology has wildly increased in the last decade (Keating, 2013). Hence, studies on L2 teaching and learning have started to use that technology to improve research in that area. However, L2 eye-tracking research has not been explored in the Costa Rican context. This article aims to describe what eye-tracking is, what eye-tracking paradigms are, studies using eye-tracking in L2 teaching and learning, and research ideas for its implementation in Costa Rica. The methodology employed was an integrative review approach (Cooper, 1988) to review eye-tracking research and to discuss its application in Costa Rica. It was found that there are no studies regarding L2 teaching and learning in Costa Rica with the use of eye-tracking. Thus, research ideas to conduct eye-tracking research in L2 teaching and learning are discussed. It is concluded that the use of eye-tracking brings an opportunity to conduct multidisciplinary research to further advance the knowledge of L2 teaching and learning processes in Costa Rica.
References
Aryadoust, V., & Foo, S. W. l. (2022). An eye-tracking investigation of visual search strategies and test performance of L1 and L2 listening test takers. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 18, 009. https://doi.org/10.58459/rptel.2023.18009
Bridgeman, B., & Stark, L. (1977). The Theory of Binocular Vision: Ewald Hering (1868). Springer US.
Canseco-Gonzalez, E., Brehm, L., Brick, C. A., Brown-Schmidt, S., Fischer, K., & Wagner, K. (2010). Carpet or Cárcel: The effect of age of acquisition and language mode on bilingual lexical access. Language and Cognitive Processes, 25(5), 669-705. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960903474912
Clifton, C., Staub, A., & Rayner, K. (2007). Eye movements in reading words and sentences. In R. Van Gompel, M. Fischer., W. Murray., & R. Hill (Eds.), Eye Movements (pp. 341-371). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008044980-7/50017-3
Conklin, K., Pellicer-Sanchez, A., & Carrol, G. (2018a). Eye-tracking: A guide for applied linguistics research. Cambridge University Press.
Conklin, K., Pellicer-Sanchez, A., & Carrol, G. (2018b). Eye-tracking: A guide for applied linguistics research. Cambridge University Press.
Connell, K., Hüls, S., Martínez-García, M. T., Qin, Z., Shin, S., Yan, H., & Tremblay, A. (2018). English Learners’ Use of Segmental and Suprasegmental Cues to Stress in Lexical Access: An Eye-Tracking Study: Linguistic Cues to Stress in Lexical Access. Language Learning, 68(3), 635-668. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12288
Cooper, H. M. (1988). Organizing knowledge syntheses: A taxonomy of literature reviews. Knowledge in Society, 1, 104-126. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03177550
Dahan, D., Tanenhaus, M., & Salverda, A. (2007). The influence of visual processing on phonetically driven saccades in the «visual world» paradigm. In R. P. G. van Gompel, M. H. Fischer, W. S. Murray, and R. L. Hill. (Eds). Eye movements: A window on mind and brain (pp. 471-486). Elsevier.
Dussias, P. (2010). Uses of Eye-Tracking Data in Second Language Sentence Processing Research. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 30, 149-166. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026719051000005X
Dessus, P., Cosnefroy, O., & Luengo, V. (2016). “Keep Your Eyes on ’em all!”: A Mobile Eye-Tracking Analysis of Teachers’ Sensitivity to Students. In K. Verbert, M. Sharples, & T. Klobučar (Eds.), Adaptive and Adaptable Learning (Vol. 9891, pp. 72-84). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45153-4_6
Dussias, P., Valdés Kroff, J., & Gerfen, C. (2013). Visual World Eye-Tracking. In J. Jegerski & B. VanPatten (Eds). Research Methods in Second Language Psycholinguistics. (pp.93-126). Routledge.
Ellert, M. (2013). Resolving ambiguous pronouns in a second language: A visual- world eye-tracking study with Dutch learners of German. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 51(2). https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2013-0008
el Majidi, A., de Graaff, R., & Janssen, D. (2021). Debate as a pedagogical tool for developing speaking skills in second language education. Language Teaching Research, 0(0), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688211050619
Escudero, P., Hayes-Harb, R., & Mitterer, H. (2008). Novel second-language words and asymmetric lexical access. Journal of Phonetics, 36(2), 345-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2007.11.002
Eysenck, M. W., & Keane, M. T. (2015). Cognitive psychology: A student’s handbook (7th ed). Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315778006
Fan, D., Breslin, D., Callahan, J. L., & Iszatt‐White, M. (2022). Advancing literature review methodology through rigour, generativity, scope and transparency. International Journal of Management Reviews, 24(2), 171-180. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12291
Fernández, S., & Jegerski, J. (2022). A role for verb regularity in the L2 processing of the Spanish subjunctive mood: Evidence from eye-tracking. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 45(2), 318-347. https://doi.org/10.1017/S027226312200016X
García-Castro, V. (2015). Individual differences and intake of novel words in L2 written input. York Papers in Linguistics, 3, 18-30.
García-Castro, V. (2018). Incidental learning of Novel Words in Adult Spanish Speaking Learners of English as a Second Language: Measures of Lexical Configuration and Lexical Engagement and the Effects of Learners’ Individual Differences [Doctoral dissertation, University of York]. https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/23097/
García-Castro, V. (2022). Exploring the role of verbal fluency in L2 Vocabulary Learning: Evidence from university students in the United Kingdom. Actualidades Investigativas en Educación, 22(2), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.15517/aie.v22i2.48887
García-Castro, V., & O’Reilly, J. (2022). Foreign Language Anxiety and Online Engagement During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparison Between EMI and FMI University Students. English Teaching & Learning, 46(3), 273-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42321-022-00120-x
García-Castro, V. (2023). Experimental Designs. In A. Parish & G. Shaikh (Eds). A Quick Guide to Research Methods for Dissertations in Education. (pp. 155-160). Bloomsbury. https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/quick-guide-to- research-methods-for-dissertations-in-education-9781350260405/
Ghavamnia, M., Ketabi, S., & Tavakoli, M. (2013). L2 Reading Strategies Used by Iranian EFL Learners: A Think-Aloud Study.
Reading Psychology, 34(4), 355-378. https://doi.org/10.1080/02702711.2011.640097
Gilchrist, I. (2011). Saccades. In Simon P. Liversedge, Iain Gilchrist, and Stefan Everling (Eds). The Oxford Handbook of Eye Movements. (pp-86-94). Oxford Library of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199539789.013.0005
Godfroid, A., Boers, F., & Housen, A. (2013). AN EYE FOR WORDS: Gauging the Role of Attention in Incidental L2 Vocabulary Acquisition by Means of Eye- Tracking. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 35(3), 483–517. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263113000119
Huang, L., Ouyang, J., & Jiang, J. (2022). The relationship of word processing with L2 reading comprehension and working memory: Insights from eye-tracking. Learning and Individual Differences, 95, 102143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2022.102143
Huettig, F., Olivers, C. N. L., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2011). Looking, language, and memory: Bridging research from the visual world and visual search paradigms. Acta Psychologica, 137(2), 138-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.07.013
Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). A theory of reading: From eye fixations to comprehension. Psychological Review, 87(4), 329-354. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.87.4.329
Keating, G. (2013). Eye-Tracking with Text. En Research Methods in Second Language Psycholinguistics. Routledge.
Keating, G. D., & Jegerski, J. (2015). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS IN SENTENCE PROCESSING RESEARCH: A Methodological Review and User’s Guide. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 37(1), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263114000187
Kho, S. Q. E., Aryadoust, V., & Foo, S. (2022). An eye-tracking investigation of the keyword-matching strategy in listening assessment. Education and Information Technologies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11322-y
Land, M. (2007). Fixation Strategies During Active Behaviour: A Brief History. In R. P. G. van Gompel, M. H. Fischer, W. S. Murray, & R. L. Hill (Eds.) Eye Movements: A window on mind and brain. (pp. 75–95). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008044980-7/50006-9
Lloyd-Fox, S., Blasi, A., & Elwell, C. E. (2010). Illuminating the developing brain: The past, present and future of functional near infrared spectroscopy. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 34(3), 269-284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-019-09541-2
McIntyre, N. A., Mainhard, M. T., & Klassen, R. M. (2017). Are you looking to teach? Cultural, temporal and dynamic insights into expert teacher gaze. Learning and Instruction, 49, 41-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.12.005
McIntyre, N. A., Mulder, K. T., & Mainhard, M. T. (2020). Looking to relate: Teacher gaze and culture in student-rated teacher interpersonal behaviour. Social Psychology of Education, 23(2), 411-431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-019-09541-2
Negi, S., & Mitra, R. (2022). Native language subtitling of educational videos: A multimodal analysis with eye tracking, EEG and self‐reports. British Journal of Educational Technology, 53, 1793-1816. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13214
Pellicer-Sánchez, A., & Siyanova-Chanturia, A. (2018). Eye movements in vocabulary research. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 169(1), 5-29. https://doi.org/10.1075/itl.00004.pel
Pellicer-Sánchez, A., & Schmitt, N. (2010). Incidental vocabulary acquisition from an authentic novel: Do Things Fall Apart?. University of Hawaii National Foreign Language Resource Center Center for Language & Technology, 22(1), 31-55. https://nflrc.hawaii.edu/rfl/item/207
Pretorius, M. J., le Roux, M., & Geertsema, S. (2022). Verbal Working Memory in Second Language Reading Comprehension: A Correlational Study. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 43(4), 234-245. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525740121991475
Programa Estado de la Nación. (2021). Octavo Informe Estado de la Educación. Estado de la Nación. https://estadonacion.or.cr/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Lanzamiento_ee.pdf
Roberts, L., Gullberg, M., & Indefrey, P. (2008). Online Pronoun Resolution In L2 Discourse: L1 Influence and General Learner Effects. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 30(3), 333-357. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263108080480
Schneegass, C., Kosch, T., Schmidt, A., & Hussmann, H. (2019). Investigating the Potential of EEG for Implicit Detection of Unknown Words for Foreign Language Learning. In D. Lamas, F. Loizides, L. Nacke, H. Petrie, M. Winckler, & P. Zaphiris (Eds.), Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2019 (Vol. 11748, pp. 293-313). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29387-1_17
SR Research website. (2023a). Hardware. https://www.sr-research.com/hardware/
SR Research website. (2023b). Reading and Language Eye-Tracking Solutions. https://www.sr-research.com/solutions/reading-language-solutions/
Staffordshire University. (2023). Psychology Eye Tracking Cubicles. https://www.staffs.ac.uk/about/facilities/technical/eye-tracking
Spivey, M. J., & Marian, V. (1999). Cross Talk Between Native and Second Languages: Partial Activation of an Irrelevant Lexicon. Psychological Science, 10(3), 281-284. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00151
Stürmer, K., Seidel, T., Müller, K., Häusler, J., & S. Cortina, K. (2017). What is in the eye of preservice teachers while instructing? An eye-tracking study about attention processes in different teaching situations. Zeitschrift Für Erziehungswissenschaft, 20(S1), 75-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11618-017-0731-9
Tragant-Mestres, E., & Pellicer-Sánchez, A. (2019). Young EFL learners’ processing of multimodal input: Examining learners’ eye movements. System, 80, 212-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2018.12.002
Torraco, R. J. (2016). Writing Integrative Literature Reviews: Using the Past and Present to Explore the Future. Human Resource Development Review, 15(4), 404-428. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484316671606
van Gompel, R. P. G., Fischer, M., Murray, W., & Hill, R. (2007). Eye movements: A window on mind and brain. Elsevier.
Wang, A., & Pellicer‐Sánchez, A. (2022). Incidental Vocabulary Learning From Bilingual Subtitled Viewing: An Eye‐Tracking Study. Language Learning, 72(3), 765-805. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12495
Wen, Z., Skehan, P., & Sparks, R. (2022). Language aptitude research: From testing to theory and practice [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/k3zt8
Wyss, C., Rosenberger, K., & Bührer, W. (2021). Student Teachers’ and Teacher Educators’ Professional Vision: Findings from an Eye Tracking Study. Educational Psychology Review, 33, 91-107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-020-09535-z
Yi, W., & DeKeyser, R. (2022). Incidental learning of semantically transparent and opaque Chinese compounds from reading: An eye-tracking approach. System, 107, 102825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2022.102825
Comments
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Revista Educación - Journal of Education