Keywords
feminism
pornography
dehumanization
moral
Dworkin
feminismo
pornografía
deshumanización
moral
How to Cite
Abstract
Few feminist activists went as far as Andrea Dworkin did (1946-2005) in the struggle for censorship of pornography. This article addresses the author ‘s claim about the dehumanization of women in pornography as a product of man’ s power within the Western patriarchal culture. At the same time, in the current paper Dworkin’s proposal will be linked with the psychological mechanisms of moral disengagement proposed by Albert Bandura. Finally, as a product of the methodology described, the work of Dworkin is discussed, as well as her analysis of hostility towards women, the possible psychological mechanisms underlying the production and consumption of pornography, and the potential role of a certaintype of culture in perpetuating those dynamics.
References
Allen, M., Emmers, T., Gebhardt, L., & Giery, M. A. (1995). Exposure to pornog raphy and acceptance of rape myths. Journal of Communication, 45(1), 5–26.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of moral thought and ation. Hand book of Moral Behavior and Development, 1, 1–46.
Bandura, A. (2001). Social Cognitive Theory of mass communication. Media Psychology, 3(3), 265–299.
Bandura, A. (2002). Selective moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Moral Education, 31(2), 101–119.
Bandura, A. (2016). Moral disengagement: how people do harm and live with themselves. Worth Publishers.
Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 364– 374.
Bastian, B., & Haslam, N. (2011). Experiencing dehumanization: cognitive and emotional effects of everyday dehumanization. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 33(4), 295–303.
Batson, C. D., Thompson, E. R., Seuferling, G., Whitney, H., & Strongman, J. A. (1999). Moral hypocrisy: appearing moral to oneself without being so. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(3), 525–537.
Benn, P. (1993). Pornography, degradation and rhetoric. Cogito, 127–134.
Berkowitz, A. D., Burkhart, B. R., & Bourg, S. E. (1994). Research on college men and rape. New Directions for Student Services, 1994(65), 3–19.
Brownmiller, S. (1976). Against our will: men, women, and rape. Bantam Books.
Cikara, M., Eberhardt, J., & Fiske, S. (2011). From agents to objects: sexist attitudes and neural responses to sexualized targets. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(3), 540–551.
Coleman, L., & Held, J. M. (2014). The philosophy of pornography: contempo- rary perspectives. New York, United States: Rowman & Littlefield.
Dines, G. (2017). Dignity: A Journal on Sexual Exploitation and Violence Growing Up with Porn: The Developmental and Societal Impact ofPornography on Children. Dignity: A Journal on Sexual Exploitation and Violence, 2(3).
Donnerstein, E. (1980). Aggressive erotica and violence against women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(2), 269–277.
Dworkin, A. (1981). Pornography: men possessing women. New York: Perigee Books.
Dworkin, A. (1987). Intercourse. Basic Books.
Dworkin, A. (1989). Letters from a war zone: writings, 1976-1989. E.P. Dutton.
Dworkin, A. (1997). Life and death. Free Press.
Dworkin, A. (2000). Scapegoat: the Jews, Israel, and women’s liberation. Free Press.
Dworkin, A., & MacKinnon, C. A. (1988). Pornography and civil rights: a new day for women’s equality. Organizing Against Pornography.
Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford University Press.
Gino, F., Ayal, S., & Ariely, D. (2009). Contagion and differentiation in unethical behavior: The effect of one bad apple on the barrel. Psychological Science, 20(3), 393–398.
Haslam, N., & Stratemeyer, M. (2016). Recent research on dehumanization. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 25–29.
Kelman, H. G. (1973). Violence without moral restraint: reflections on the dehumanization of victims and victimizers. Journal of Social Issues, 29(4), 25–61.
Lee, M. J., Hust, S., Zhang, L., & Zhang, Y. (2010). Effects of violence against women in popular crime dramas on viewers’ attitudes related to sexual violence. Mass Communication and Society, 14(1), 25–44.
Linz, D., & Malamuth, N. (1993). Pornography. Communication Concepts.
Lutz, W. (1987). Language, appearance and reality: doublespeak in 1984. ETC: A Review of General Semantics, 44(4), 382–391.
MacKinnon, C., & Dworkin, A. (1997). In harm’s way. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Malamuth, N. M., & Check, J. V. P. (1985). The effects of aggressive pornography on beliefs in rape myths: individual differences. Journal of Research in Personality, 19(3), 299–320.
Mazar, N., & Ariely, D. (2006). Dishonesty in everyday life and its policy implications. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 25(1), 117–126.
Mead, N. L., Baumeister, R. F., Gino, F., Schweitzer, M. E., & Ariely, D. (2009). Too tired to tell the truth: self-control resource depletion and dishonesty. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(3), 594–597.
Millán-Puelles, A. (1995). El valor de la libertad. Ediciones Rialp.
Mui, C. (1980). Rethinking the pornography debate: some ontological considerations. Bulletin de La Société Américaine de Philosophie de Langue Française, 10(2), 118–127.
Ohbuchi, K.-I., Ikeda, T., & Takeuchi, G. (1994). Effects of violent pornography upon viewer’s rape myth beliefs: A study of Japanese males. Psychology, Crime & Law, 1(1), 71–81.
Owens, E. W., Behun, R. J., Manning, J. C., & Reid, R. C. (2012). The impact of internet pornography on adolescents: a review of the research. Sexual Ad diction & Compulsivity, 19(1–2), 99–122.
Paasonen, S. (2014). Diagnoses of transformation: “pornification,” digital media, and the diversification of the pornographic. En L. Coleman, & J. M. Held. (Ed.). The philosophy of pornography: contemporary perspectives (pp. 3-16). New York, United States: Rowman & Littlefield.
Parent, W. A. (1990). A second look at pornography and the subordination of women. The Journal of Philosophy, 9(September 1987), 205–211.
Pizarro, D. a, & Bloom, P. (2003). The intelligence of the moral intuitions: comment on Haidt (2001). Psychological Review, 110(1), 193-196-198.
Ramirez, J., Bryant, J., & Zillmann, D. (1982). Effects of erotica on retaliatory behavior as a function of level of prior provocation. Journal of Personali ty and Social Psychology, 43(5), 971–978.
Rubin, G. (1984). Thinking sex: Notes for a radical theory of the politics of sexuality. In Social Perspectives in Lesbian and Gay Studies: A Reader (Vol. 12, pp. 100–133).
Scruton, R. (1986). Sexual Desire: A Philosophical Investigation. Continuum.
Smith, L. W., Liu, B., Degenhardt, L., Richters, J., Patton, G., Wand, H., ... Guy, R. (2016). Is sexual content in new media linked to sexual risk behaviour in young people? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sexual Health, 13(6), 501–515.
Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls, A. P. A. (2007). Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. American Psychological Association, 1–72.
Taormino, T. (2013). The feminist porn book: the politics of producing pleasure. Feminist Press at the City University of New York.
Vadas, M. (1987). A first look at the pornography/civil rights ordinance: could pornography be the subordination of women? The Journal of Philosophy,84(9), 487–511.
Vance, K., Sutter, M., Perrin, P. B., & Heesacker, M. (2015). The media’s sexual objectification of women, rape myth acceptance, and interpersonal violence. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 24(April), 569–587.
Weaver, D. H. (1981). Media agenda-setting in a Presidential election: issues, im ages, and interest. Praeger.
Weaver, J. B., Masland, J. L., & Zillmann, D. (1984). Effect of erotica on young men’s aesthetic perception of their female sexual partners. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 58(3), 929–930.
Williams, L. (1993). A Provoking Agent : The Pornography and Performance Art of Annie Sprinkle Author. Social Text, (37), 117–133.
Wright, P. J., Tokunaga, R. S., & Kraus, A. (2016). A Meta-Analysis of Pornography Consumption and Actual Acts of Sexual Aggression in General Population Studies. Journal of Communication, 66(1), 183–205.
Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1988). Pornography’s impact on sexual satisfaction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18(5), 438–453