Palabras clave
Prevalence
Psychobiologic factors
Environmental enrichment
Depresión
Prevalencia
Factores psicobiológicos
Enriquecimiento ambiental
Cómo citar
Resumen
Introducción: la depresión mayor es uno de los trastornos mentales más comunes y una de las principales causas de discapacidad en el mundo, con una prevalencia que ha aumentado en las últimas décadas. El objetivo de este ensayo es presentar datos epidemiológicos, así como revisar brevemente los mecanismos psicobiológicos de la depresión relacionados con el estrés crónico. Finalmente, discutiremos algunas estrategias para prevenirla y/o tratarla. Proposición: ciertos tratamientos alternativos complementarios a la medicación y psicoterapia podrían ser mucho más eficaces para evitar y mitigar los efectos del estrés crónico y el riesgo de padecer depresión. Argumentos para la discusión: el estrés crónico puede precipitar un episodio depresivo debido a la hiperactividad de la amígdala y del eje hipotalámico-hipofisario-suprarrenal (HHS), la falla en los mecanismos de retrocontrol negativo del HHS, la depleción de monoaminas, la disminución en los niveles de neurotrofinas, el aumento en la excitotoxicidad glutamatérgica, la reducción en la neurogénesis hipocampal, la disfunción de la corteza prefrontal y una respuesta inflamatoria excesiva. Conclusiones: la acumulación crónica de estresores psicosociales sobre los que se tiene poco control, más el sedentarismo, una mala alimentación y pocos espacios de esparcimiento le confieren a nuestro estilo de vida actual un alto potencial depresogénico. Actividades que incluyan ejercicio, interacciones sociales significativas, actividades recreativas, exposición a ambientes naturales, una dieta balanceada y rutinas saludables representarían una estrategia altamente eficaz para el manejo de la depresión y el mejoramiento de la salud integral.
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