Colaboración humano-inteligencia artificial (IA) y abstracción estética en la música: un análisis transdisciplinario de I AM AI (2018) y PROTO (2019)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15517/es.v85i3.13279Palabras clave:
evaluación estética, redes neuronales, creatividad inorgánica, autonomía creativa, interacción humano-máquinaResumen
Introducción: Este artículo examina el arte generado por computador (CG-art) en el ámbito musical, divergiendo de investigaciones centradas predominantemente en imágenes generadas por inteligencia artificial (IA). Objetivo: Analizar dos álbumes, I AM AI (2018) y PROTO (2019), producidos con inteligencia artificial (IA) bajo modelos de colaboración contrastantes. El primero emplea la IA para generar pistas instrumentales complementadas con voces humanas, mientras que el segundo presenta voces sintéticas generadas por IA y superpuestas sobre arreglos compuestos por humanos. Métodos: Mediante un marco transdisciplinario (Ciencia Cognitiva, Teoría del Arte e Informática), se evalúa el estatus artístico de las obras, la valoración estética humano-mecánica, el potencial creativo de la IA y la abstracción inorgánica en su proceso creativo. Resultados: Aunque ambos álbumes integran la IA significativamente, ninguno califica como arte generado por IA. Las redes neuronales recurrentes (RNN) empleadas carecen de autonomía creativa, limitándose a roles instrumentales sin autoevaluación algorítmica intrínseca. Conclusiones: Estos discos de larga duración (LP) son creaciones colaborativas donde la IA actúa como una herramienta con capacidades estéticas pasivas e híbridas. En última instancia, la realización estética de estas obras se basa en la proyección emocional humana, en contraste con la abstracción inorgánica y no emocional característica de los algoritmos involucrados.
Descargas
Referencias
Aiva Technologies. (n. d.). Aiva [Software]. Aiva Technologies SARL. https://www.aiva.ai/
Any Decent Music. (2019). PROTO by Holly Herndon reviews. Any Decent Music. http://www.anydecentmusic.com/review/9879/Holly-Herndon-PROTO.aspx
Arriagada, L. (2020). CG-Art: Demystifying the anthropocentric bias of artistic creativity. Connection Science, 32(4), 398-405. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540091.2020.1741514 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09540091.2020.1741514
Arriagada, L. (2021). Artistas mecánicos: Una mirada a la capacidad estética de máquinas y algoritmos desde la música pop y el pop art [Mechanical Artists: A Look at The Aesthetic Capability of Machines and Algorithms from Pop Music and Pop Art]. Calle 14: Revista de investigación en el campo del arte, 16(29), 54-66. https://doi.org/10.14483/21450706.17401 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14483/21450706.17401
Arriagada, L. (2023). CG-art: An aesthetic discussion of the relationship between artistic creativity and computation [Doctoral thesis, University of Groningen, Netherlands]. University of Groningen Research Portal. https://doi.org/10.33612/diss.693764937
Arriagada, L. (2024). Unveiling the creation of AI-Generated artworks: Broadening Worringerian abstraction and empathy beyond contemplation. Estudios Artísticos, 10(16), 142-158. https://doi.org/10.14483/25009311.21833 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14483/25009311.21833
Arriagada, L. (2025). Defining an AI-Generated artwork: A transdisciplinary concept for cognitive science, computer science, and art theory. Calle 14: Revista de investigación en el campo del arte, 20(38), 95-109. https://doi.org/10.14483/21450706.22275 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14483/21450706.22275
amchaney. (2019). The Watson Beat. GitHub. https://github.com/cognitive-catalyst/watson-beat
Ash. (2017). Wow thats amazing, i cant believe that the AI actually composed and produced this. PS Your voice is amazing as. [Comment on the YouTube video Break Free Official Music Video - Composed with AI | Lyrics by Taryn Southern]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUs6CznN8pw
Balthasar Te. (2020). I got the feels for this one. It’s the first Human-AI made song I like. Most others sound way too. [Comment on the YouTube video Break Free Official Music Video - Composed with AI | Lyrics by Taryn Southern]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUs6CznN8pw
BigBRadek. (2017). It sounds like an Eurovision song. [Comment on the YouTube video Break Free Official Music Video - Composed with AI | Lyrics by Taryn Southern]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUs6CznN8pw
Biswas, D. (2021, May 22). Inside AUDOIR’s SAM, An AI tool to compose songs. Analytics India Magazine. https://analyticsindiamag.com/inside-audoirs-sam-an-ai-tool-to-compose-songs/
Bittman, D. (Director). (2018, February 20). Life Support | 360° VR Music Video Composed By AI [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0RhLXep_730
Blas Gómez, F. de. (2010). Música, color y arquitectura. Nobuko.
Boden, M. (2004). The Creative Mind: Myths and Mechanisms (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203508527/creative-mind-margaret-boden DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203508527
Briot, J.-P. (2021). From artificial neural networks to deep learning for music generation: History, concepts and trends. Neural Computing and Applications, 33, 39-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-020-05399-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-020-05399-0
Chamberlain, R., Mullin, C., Scheerlinck, B., & Wagemans, J. (2018). Putting the art in artificial: Aesthetic responses to computer-generated art. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 12(2), 177-192. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000136
Clancy, M. (2022). The Artist. Interview with Holly Herndon. In M. Clancy (Ed.), Artificial Intelligence and Music Ecosystem (1st ed., pp. 44-51). Focal Press. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429356797/chapters/10.4324/9780429356797-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429356797-6
Connor, S. (2000). Dumbstruck: A Cultural History of Ventriloquism. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198184331.001.0001
Craig, L., & Petersson, D. (2024, July 29). CNN vs. RNN: How are they different? TechTarget Search Enterprise AI. https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/feature/CNN-vs-RNN-How-they-differ-and-where-they-overlap
Deahl, D. (2018, August 31). How AI-generated music is changing the way hits are made. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/31/17777008/artificial-intelligence-taryn-southern-amper-music
Dickie, G. (1969). Defining Art. American Philosophical Quarterly, 6(3), 253-256. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20009315
Dickson, A. (2019, August 8). Could an AI duet be the next chart-topper? Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/03737d6a-b849-11e9-8a88-aa6628ac896c
Donahue, C., McAuley, J., & Puckette, M. (2019). Adversarial Audio Synthesis. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1802.04208
Durbin, J. (2018, February 20). Watch This Stunning 360 VR Piece Composed With AI. VRScout. https://vrscout.com/news/song-made-ai-360-video/
Elgammal, A., Liu, B., Elhoseiny, M., & Mazzone, M. (2017). CAN: Creative Adversarial Networks, Generating ‘Art’ by Learning About Styles and Deviating from Style Norms. arXiv. http://arxiv.org/abs/1706.07068
Engel, J., Agrawal, K. K., Chen, S., Gulrajani, I., Donahue, C., & Roberts, A. (2019). GANSynth: Adversarial Neural Audio Synthesis. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1902.08710
Engel, J., Resnick, C., Roberts, A., Dieleman, S., Eck, D., Simonyan, K., & Norouzi, M. (2017). Neural Audio Synthesis of Musical Notes with WaveNet Autoencoders. arXiv. http://arxiv.org/abs/1704.01279
Gaby, E., & Southern, T. (Directors). (2020, March 3). I Am Human [Motion Picture].
Futurism Studios.
Gage, J. (1993). Color y cultura: La práctica del significado del color de la antigüedad a la abstracción (A. Gómez Cedillo & R. Jackson Martín, Trans.). Siruela Ediciones.
gamerfreak007. (2017). This may just be my new favorite song. Honestly not a thing I ever thought I would say about something. [Comment on the YouTube video Break Free Official Music Video - Composed with AI | Lyrics by Taryn Southern]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUs6CznN8pw
Gu, L., & Kanade, T. (2015). Face Alignment. In S. Z. Li & A. K. Jain (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Biometrics (pp. 435-439). Springer US. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4899-7488-4_186 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7488-4_186
Herndon, H. (2019). PROTO [Album]. 4AD. https://open.spotify.com/album/3PkYFFSJTPxOhnSYBtyZsk
Ho, G. (2019, March 9). Autoregressive Models in Deep Learning - A Brief Survey. George Ho. https://www.georgeho.org/deep-autoregressive-models/
Hollyn, N. (2010). The Film Editing Room Handbook: How to Tame the Chaos of the Editing Room (4th ed.). Peachpit Press.
Hsu, H. (2019, May 20). Machine Yearning. The New Yorker, 95(13), 83-84.
Jenkins, D. (2019, May 7). Holly Herndon album review: PROTO. The Skinny. https://www.theskinny.co.uk/music/reviews/albums/holly-herndon-proto
Jennings, K. E. (2010). Developing creativity: Artificial Barriers in artificial intelligence. minds and machines, 20, 489-501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-010-9206-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-010-9206-y
Johnson, J. (2018, September 27). Taryn Southern on being first to use artificial intelligence to make album: ‘Sky Is the Limit’. The Wrap. https://www.thewrap.com/taryn-southern-i-am-ai-album-artificial-intelligence/
Jones, E. (2019). Holly Herndon: Proto. Record Collector, (493), 111.
Karthik B. (2018). Heard Taryn perform this track live last week in Toronto. Scintillating performance and incredible singing! AI or not—She’s really. [Comment on the music video Break Free Official Music Video - Composed with AI | Lyrics by Taryn Southern]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUs6CznN8pw
Kurumbudel, P. (2019). What is the difference between RNN and CNN with respect to applications? Quora. https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-RNN-and-CNN-with-respect-to-applications
Mäki-Reinikka, K. (2018, May 15-17). Cave Paintings for the AI: Art in the Age of Singularity [Paper presentation]. Politics of the Machines - Art and After, Copenhagen, Denmark. https://doi.org/10.14236/ewic/EVAC18.13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14236/ewic/EVAC18.13
Mackay, E. (2019, May 12). Holly Herndon: Proto review – dizzying beauty and bracing beats. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/may/12/holly-herndon-proto-review
Marafioti, A., Holighaus, N., Perraudin, N., & Majdak, P. (2019). Adversarial Generation of Time-Frequency Features with Application in Audio Synthesis. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1902.04072
Marshall, A. (2018, February 28). Is music about to have its first AI No.1. BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/articles/0c3dc8f7-4853-4379-b0d5-62175d33d557
McDermott, E. (2020, January 7). In the Studio: Holly Herndon. Art in America, 64-71.
Mehri, S., Kumar, K., Gulrajani, I., Kumar, R., Jain, S., Sotelo, J., Courville, A., & Bengio, Y. (2017). SampleRNN: An Unconditional End-to-End Neural Audio Generation Model. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1612.07837
Mikalonytė, E. S., & Kneer, M. (2021). Can Artificial Intelligence Make Art?: Folk intuitions as to whether AI-driven robots can be viewed as artists and produce art. ACM transactions on human-robot interaction. Social Science Research Network, 1-18. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3827314 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3530875
Mishra, M. (2021). Living, Singing AI. An Evolving, Intelligent, Scalable, Bespoke Composition System [Master’s thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States]. MIT Media Lab. https://web.media.mit.edu/~manaswim/Thesis_Media/Thesis/manaswi-MAS-2021-Thesis.pdf
Moruzzi, C. (2020). Can a computer create a musical work? Creativity and autonomy of AI software for music composition. In S. Gouveia (Ed.), The Age of Artificial Intelligence: An Exploration (pp. 161-176). Vernon Press.
Nelson, K. (2018, February 19). Taryn Southern’s new album is produced entirely by AI. Digital Trends. https://www.digitaltrends.com/music/artificial-intelligence-taryn-southern-album-interview/
Nistal, J., Aouameur, C., Lattner, S., & Richard, G. (2021, October 17-20). VQCPC-GAN: Variable-Length Adversarial Audio Synthesis Using Vector-Quantized Contrastive Predictive Coding [Conference session]. 2021 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics (WASPAA), New Paltz, United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/WASPAA52581.2021.9632757 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/WASPAA52581.2021.9632757
Nistal, J., Lattner, S., & Richard, G. (2020). Comparing Representations for Audio Synthesis Using Generative Adversarial Networks. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2006.09266
NSynth. (2017, April 6). NSynth: Neural Audio Synthesis. Magenta. https://magenta.tensorflow.org/nsynth
Ogilvie-Hanson, E. (2020). Posthuman Production: Technology and Embodiment in the Works of SOPHIE and Holly Herndon [Master’s thesis, McGill University, Canada]. McGill Libraries Bibliothèques. https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/nv9357575
Patel, N. V. (2017, September 18). In the Future, Pop Hits Will Be Made by Machines. Inverse. https://www.inverse.com/article/36359-taryn-southern-a-i-pop-album-i-am-a-i
Pošćić, A., & Kreković, G. (2020). Unboxing the machine: Artificial agents in music. In M. Verdicchio, M. Carvalhais, L. Ribas, & A. Rangel (Eds.), Xcoax 2020: Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computation, Communication, Aesthetics & X originally planned in Graz, Austria (pp. 285-298). Universidade do Porto.
Rayner, B. (2017, November 11). The first AI pop album is on its way. Thestar.Com. https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/2017/11/11/the-first-ai-pop-album-is-on-its-way.html
Schmidt, R. M. (2019). Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs): A Gentle Introduction and Overview. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1912.05911
soroushmehr. (2021). Sample RNN. GitHub. https://github.com/soroushmehr/sampleRNN_ICLR2017
Southern, T. (2017a, August 21). Break Free Official Music Video—Composed with AI | Lyrics by Taryn Southern [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUs6CznN8pw
Southern, T. (2017b, August 23). I got an AI makeover! [Video]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/BYJTTDvnu6r/
Southern, T. (2018). I AM AI [Album]. Independent. https://open.spotify.com/album/4vjwJK0Rya7wufnj7PdQym
Southern, T. (2019, January 31). New World | 360° VR Music Video Composed By AI [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SKkyZdJY0BE
Southern, T. (2021). Taryn Southern | Album. Taryn Southern. https://tarynsouthern.com/album/
Worringer, W. (1997). Abstraction and Empathy: A Contribution to the Psychology of Style (1st ed). Ivan R. Dee.
Zylinska, J. (2020). AI Art: Machine Visions and Warped Dreams (1st ed.). Open Humanities Press.
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2026 Leonardo Arriagada (Autor/a)
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Los autores/as que publiquen en esta revista aceptan las siguientes condiciones:
- Los autores/as conservan los derechos de autor y ceden a la revista el derecho de la primera publicación, con el trabajo registrado bajo la licencia de atribución de Creative Commons, que permite a terceros utilizar lo publicado siempre que mencionen la autoría del trabajo y a la primera publicación en esta revista, asimismo permite la creación de nuevas obras a partir del trabajo publicado.
- Los autores/as pueden realizar otros acuerdos contractuales independientes y adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del artículo publicado en esta revista (p. ej., incluirlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro) siempre que indiquen claramente que el trabajo se publicó por primera vez en esta revista.
