Resumen
La tríada de la atleta (tríada) es un síndrome en el cual la baja disponibilidad de energía dispara una amplia gama de mecanismos endocrinos para disminuir el gasto energético, lo cual perjudica la salud reproductiva y esquelética. La disponibilidad energética es la cantidad de energía de la dieta que queda cada día, después del entrenamiento o el ejercicio, para todas las demás funciones fisiológicas. El tipo específico de mal funcionamiento reproductivo provocado por la baja disponibilidad energética son los trastornos menstruales hipotalámicos. Para asegurarse de que las atletas afectadas reciban la atención apropiada es necesario realizar pruebas endocrinas que sirven para diagnosticar los trastornos mencionados mediante la exclusión de otros trastornos menstruales no asociados con la tríada. La baja disponibilidad energética perjudica la salud esquelética debido al desacoplamiento del recambio óseo, en el cual la tasa de resorción aumenta mientras la tasa de formación de hueso desciende. El resultado es una pérdida progresiva de hueso o la incapacidad de acumular masa ósea, lo cual aumenta el riesgo de fracturas por estrés y de osteoporosis. La baja disponibilidad energética tiene su origen en al menos una de las siguientes tres fuentes: trastornos de la alimentación de tipo restrictivo, especialmente la anorexia nerviosa; los esfuerzos intencionales orientados a la pérdida de peso corporal o grasa corporal, para mejorar el rendimiento deportivo o la apariencia; y la supresión inadvertida del apetito causada por el ejercicio y por las dietas con un alto porcentaje de carbohidratos. Para poder realizar una intervención eficaz con cada atleta es necesario conocer el origen de su baja disponibilidad energética. La modificación clave de la conducta para la prevención y tratamiento de la tríada es el aumento de la disponibilidad energética, ya sea mediante el incremento de la ingesta energética en la dieta, la reducción en el gasto energético por ejercicio, o ambos. Por lo tanto, se ofrecen algunas pautas para lograr la disponibilidad energética correcta.Citas
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