Resumen
Los objetivos de este estudio fueron, por un lado, describir la máxima flexión y extensión de la rodilla y el tobillo alcanzadas en la fase de pedaleo por ciclistas profesionales, y por otro, comparar las diferencias en estas angulaciones entre la extremidad inferior derecha e izquierda. En este estudio participaron 13 ciclistas pertenecientes a un equipo profesional que asiduamente participaba en la Vuelta Ciclista a España. Todos los participantes tenían una experiencia superior a 10 años en el ciclismo. En el presente estudio se realizó la medición de la longitud de las bielas, la altura y el retroceso del sillín de las bicicletas de los ciclistas. De la misma forma se realizó el análisis cinemático en 2D de la pedalada con el fin de analizar las angulaciones de la rodilla y del tobillo. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre la pierna derecha e izquierda en la angulación de la flexión ni extensión de la rodilla ni tampoco en la flexión del tobillo en el pedaleo de los ciclistas. Sin embargo, contrariamente a otros estudios, si se encontraron diferencias en la angulación de la extensión del tobillo (p < 0,05, diferencia medias = 14,53%, d = 0,37, moderada) entre las dos piernas. En futuras investigaciones podría resultar interesante complementar el análisis cinemático con el cinético con el fin de observar si las diferencias en las angulaciones se acompañan de diferencias en la fuerza aplicada por cada una de las piernas.
Citas
Atkinson, G., & Nevill, A. M. (1998). Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (reliability) in variables relevant to sports medicine. Sports Medicine, 26(4), 217-238. Recuperado de http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199826040-00002
Bini, R.; Hume, P. A., & Croft, J. L. (2011). Effects of bicycle saddle height on knee injury risk and cycling performance. Sports Medicine, 41(6), 463-76. Recuperado de http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11588740-000000000-00000
Bini, R. R., & Hume, P. A. (2014). Assessment of bilateral asymmetry in cycling using a commercial instrumented crank system and instrumented pedals. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(5), 876-81. Recuperado de http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0494
Bini, R. R., Hume, P. A., & Kilding A. E. (2014) Saddle height effects on pedal forces, joint mechanical work and kinematics of cyclists and triathletes. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(1), 44-52. Recuperado de http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.725105
Burke, E. R., & Pruitt, A.L. (2003). Body positioning for cycling. In: Burke ER, editor, High-tech cycling (69-92) (2nd ed). Recuperado de https://books.google.co.cr/books/about/High_tech_Cycling.html?id=msdT4iQ50cgC&hl=es-419
Carpes, F. P.; Rossato, M.; Faria, I. E., & Mota, C. B. (2007). Bilateral pedaling asymmetry during a simulated 40-km cycling time-trial. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 47(1), 51-57. Recuperado de http://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/sports-med-physical-fitness/article.php?cod=R40Y2007N01A0051
Carpes, F. P.; Mota, C. B., & Faria, I. E. (2010). On the bilateral asymmetry during running and cycling - a review considering leg preference. Physical Therapy in Sport, 11(4), 136-42. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2010.06.005
Carpes, F. P., Diefenthaeler, F., Bini, R. R., Stefanyshyn, D. J., Faria, I. E., & Mota, C. B. (2011). Influence of leg preference on bilateral muscle activation during cycling. Journal of Sports Science, 29(2), 151-159. doi:10.1080/02640414.2010.526625
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Recuperado de https://books.google.co.cr/books/about/Statistical_Power_Analysis_for_the_Behav.html?id=Tl0N2lRAO9oC&redir_esc=y
Daly, D. J., & Cavanagh, P. R. (1976). Asymmetry in bicycle ergometer pedaling. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 8(3), 204-208. Recuperado de http://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Abstract/1976/00830/Asymmetry_in_bicycle_ergometer_pedalling_.13.aspx
Edeline, O., Polin, D., Tourny-Chollet, C. & Weber, J. (2004) Effect of workload on bilateral pedalling kinematics in non-trained cyclists. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 46, 493-51.
Faria, I. (1992). Energy expenditure, aerodynamics and medical problems in cycling. Sports Medicine, 14(1), 43-63. Recuperado de http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199214010-00004
Faria, E.; Parker, D. L., & Faria, I. E. (2005). The science of cycling. Factor affecting performance, part 2. Sports Medicine, 35(4), 313–337. Recuperado de http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535040-00003
Ferrer-Roca, V., Roig, A., Galilea, P., & García-López, J. (2012). Influence of saddle height on lower limb kinematics in well-trained cyclists: static vs. dynamic evaluation in bike fitting. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(11), 3025-3029. Recuperado de http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Abstract/2012/11000/Influence_of_Saddle_Height_on_Lower_Limb.16.aspx
Ferrer-Roca, V., Bescós, R., Roig, A., Galilea, P., Valero, O., & García-López, J. (2014). Acute effects of small changes in bicycle saddle height on gross efficiency and lower limb kinematics. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(3), 784–791. Recuperado de http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Abstract/2014/03000/Acute_Effects_of_Small_Changes_in_Bicycle_Saddle.25.aspx
García-López, J.; Rodrıguez-Marroyo, J. A.; Juneau, C. E.; Peleteiro, J.; Martınez, A. C., & Villa, J.G. (2008). Reference values and improve- ment of aerodynamic drag in professional cyclists. Journal of Sports Science, 26(3), 277–286. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410701501697
García-López, J.; Díez-Leal, S.; Rodríguez-Marroyo, J. A.; Larrazabal, J.; De Galdeano, I. G., y Villa, J. G. (2009). Eficiencia mecánica de pedaleo en ciclistas de diferente nivel competitivo. Biomecánica: Órgano de la sociedad Ibérica de Biomecánica y Biomateriales, 17(2), 9-20. Recuperado de https://upcommons.upc.edu/handle/2099/11973
Heil, D. P., Derrick, T. R., & Whittlesey, S. (1997). The relationship between preferred and optimal positioning during submaximal cycle ergometry. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 75(2), 160–165. Recuperado de http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050141
Hull, M. L., & González, H. K. (1988). Bivariate optimization of pedaling rate and crank arm length in cycling. Journal Biomechanics, 21(10), 839-849. Recuperado de http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(88)90016-4
Korff, T.; Fletcher, G.; Brown, D., & Romer, L. M. (2011). Effect of "Pose" cycling on efficiency and pedaling mechanics. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(6), 1177-86. Recuperado de http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1745-7
Lucia, A.; Hoyos, J., & Chicharro, J. L. (2001a). Physiology of professional road cycling. Sports Medicine, 31(5), 325-37. Recuperado de http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131050-00004
Lucia, A.; Hoyos, J., & Chicharro, J. L. (2001b). Preferred pedalling cadence in professional cycling. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(8), 1361–1366. Recuperado de http://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Fulltext/2001/08000/Preferred_pedalling_cadence_in_professional.18.aspx
Lucia, A.; San Juan, A. F.; Montilla, M.; Cañete, S.; Santalla, A.; Earnest, C., & Pérez, M. (2004). In professional road cyclists, low pedaling cadences are less efficient. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(6), 1048–1054. Recuperado de http://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Fulltext/2004/06000/In_Professional_Road_Cyclists,_Low_Pedaling.19.aspx
Passfield, L., & Doust J. H. (2000). Changes in cycling efficiency and performance after endurance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(11), 1935–1941, 2000. Recuperado de http://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Fulltext/2000/11000/Changes_in_cycling_efficiency_and_performance.18.aspx
Peveler, W. W. (2008). Effects of saddle height on economy in cycling. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(4), 1355-1359. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318173dac6
Price, D., & Donne, B. (1997). Effect of variation in seat tube angle at different seat heights on submaximal cycling performance in man. Journal of Sports Science, 15(4), 395-402. doi:10.1080/026404197367182
Rodríguez-Marroyo, J. A., García-López, J., Juneau, C. E., & Villa, J. G. (2009). Workload demands in professional multi-stage cycling races of varying duration. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(3), 180-185. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.043125
Sargeant, A. J., & Davies, C. T. M. (1977). Forces applied to the cranks of a bicycle ergometer during one and two-legged pedaling. Journal of Applied Physiology, 42(4), 514-518. Recuperado de http://jap.physiology.org/content/42/4/514
Savelberg, H.; Van de Port, I., & Willems, P. (2003). Body configuration in cycling affects muscle recruitment and movement pattern. Journal Applied Biomechanics, 19(4), 310-324. Recuperado de http://journals.humankinetics.com/jab-back-issues/jabvolume19issue4november/bodyconfigurationincyclingaffectsmusclerecruitmentandmovementpattern
Yanci, J., & Los Arcos, A. (2014). Differences in muscle strength and leg asymmetries in elite runners and cyclists. International Sport Medicine Journal, 15(3), 265-277. Recuperado de http://issuu.com/aristi/docs/differences_in_muscle_strength_and_/1