Abstract
The current descriptive study investigates the conceptions of a group students (pre-service and in-service teachers) enrolled in a Master of TESOL (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages) at La Trobe University, Australia, have of assessment in the context of English language teaching. This study was conducted in first place to address a gap in the literature about English teachers’ conceptions of assessment, and I second place to explore the level of agreement among those conceptions and the type of assessment preferred by the participants. For this purpose, 26 active students in the course accepted the invitation to participate in the study and completed an online survey administered through Qualtrics Management Platform. This quantitative descriptive study done in 2020 used Survey as the research method since it promotes the collection of data to describe the research object. The quantitative data obtained through an online survey were summarized and graphed in tables with the objective of answering the research questions. The results showed that participants’ understandings of assessment and forms of assessment were slightly inclined towards the use of summative assessment rather than formative. In contrast, their conceptions of assessment purposes and principles were inclined towards formative assessment features. All in all, it could be said that even though these participants seemed to cope more with summative assessment, they favoured formative purposes and principles of assessment. This suggests that respondents’ summative views of assessment in the use of types and forms of assessment are potentially affected by institutional demands, and do not entirely reflect the respondents’ assessment understandings.
References
Álvarez, Juan. (2008). Evaluar para conocer, examinar para excluir.Madrid: Morata. Assessment Reform Group. (2002). Assessment for Learning: 10 research-based principles to guide classroom practice. Retrieved from https://www.aaia.org.uk/storage/medialibrary/o_1d8j89n3u1n0u17u91fdd1m4418fh8.pdf
Azis, Astuti. (2012). Teachers’ conceptions and use of assessment in student learning.Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics,2(1), 40-52. doi:https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v2i1.72
Bachman, Lyle.,& Palmer, Adrian. (2010).Language assessment in practice: Developing language assessments and justifying their use in the real world. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Barnes, Nicole., Fives, Helen.,& Dacey, Charity. (2017). U.S. teachers' conceptions of the purposes of assessment. Teaching and Teacher Education, 65, 107-116. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.02.017
Bennett, Randy. (2010). Cognitively based assessment of, for, and as learning (CBAL): a preliminary theory of action for summative and formative assessment.Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives,8(2-3), 70-91.doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15366367.2010.508686
Black, Paul.,& Wiliam, Dylan. (2006). Assessment for learning in the classroom. In J. Gardner (Ed.), Assessment and learning(pp. 9-25). London, United Kingdom: Sage Publications Ltd.
Black, Paul.,& Wiliam, Dylan. (2010). Inside the black box: Raising standards through classroom assessment. Phi Delta Kappan, 92(1), 81-90. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003172171009200119
Brindley, Geoff. (2001).Language assessment and professional development. In C. Elder, A. Brown, K. Hill, N. Iwashita, T. Lumley, T. McNamara, & K. O’Loughlin (Eds.), Experimenting with uncertainty: Essays inhonour of Alan Davies(pp.126–136).Cambridge, United Kingdom:Cambridge University Press.
Broadbent, Jaclyn., Panadero, Ernesto.,& Boud, David. (2018). Implementing summative assessment with a formative flavour: A case study in a large class. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 43(2), 307-322. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2017.1343455
Brown, Douglas.,& Abeywickrama, Priyanvada. (2019). Language Assessment: Principles and Classroom Practices(3rded.). Hoboken, United States of America: Pearson Education.
Brown, Gavin., Lake, Robert.,& Matters, Gabrielle. (2011). Queensland teachers’ conceptions of assessment: The impact of policy priorities on teacher attitudes. Teachingand Teacher Education, 27(1), 210-220. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2010.08.003
Brown, Gavin. (2008). Conceptions of assessment: Understanding what assessment means to teachers and students. New York, United States of America: Nova Science Publishers.
Brown, Gavin., Hui, Sammy., Yu, Flora.,& Kennedy, Kerry. (2011). Teachers’ conceptions of assessment in Chinese contexts: A tripartite model of accountability, improvement, and irrelevance.International Journal of Educational Research,50(5-6), 307-320. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2011.10.003
Brown, Gavin., Lake, Robert.,& Matters, Gabrielle. (2011). Queensland teachers’ conceptions of assessment: The impact of policy priorities on teacher attitudes. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27(1), 210-220. Retrieved from https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/172/17223141008.pdf
Brown, Gavin.,& Remesal, Ana. (2012). Prospective teachers' conceptions of assessment: A cross-cultural comparison.The Spanish Journal of Psychology,15(1), 75-89. doi: https://doi.org/10.5209/revsjop.2012.v15.n1.37286
Brown, Gavin.,& Remesal, Ana. (2017). Teachers’ conceptions of assessment: Comparing two inventories with Ecuadorian teachers.Studies in Educational Evaluation,55, 68-74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2017.07.003
Case, Jennifer. (2015). Emergent interactions: Rethinking the relationship between teaching and learning.Teaching in Higher Education,20(6), 625-635. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2015.1052787
Cheng, Liying.,& Fox, Janna. (2017). Assessment in the language classroom. London, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.
Cohen, Louis., Manion, Lawrence.,& Morrison, Keith. (2018). Research methods in education (8thed.). London, United Kingdom: Routledge.
Cornelius, Kyena. (2014). Formative assessment made easy: Templates for collecting daily data in inclusive classrooms.Teaching Exceptional Children, 47(2), 112 –118. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0040059914553204
Council of Europe.(2001). Common European framework of reference for languages: Learning, teaching, assessment. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.Creswell, John. (2018).Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research(6thed.). New Jersey, United States of America: Pearson.
De Leeuw, Edith.,, Hox, Joop.,& Dillman, Don. (2008).International handbook of survey methodology. London, United Kingdom: Routledge.
DeLuca, Christopher., LaPointe-McEwan, Danielle.,& Luhanga, Ulemu. (2016). Teacher assessment literacy: A review of international standards and measures. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 28(3), 251–272. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-015-9233-6
Dixson, Dante.,& Worrell,Frank. (2016).Formative and summative assessment in the classroom. Theory into practice,55(2),153-159. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2016.1148989
Earl, Kerry.,& Giles, David. (2011). An-other look at assessment: assessment in learning. New Zealand Journal of Teachers’ Work, 8(1), 11-20. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/10289/5766
Earl, Lorna. (2013).Assessment as learning: Using classroom assessment to maximize student learning(2nded.). California, United States of America: Thousand Oaks.
Everhard, Carol., & Murphy, Linda. (2015). Assessment and autonomy in language learning. London, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.
Frank, Jerrold. (2012). The role of assessment in language teaching. English Teaching Forum, 50(3). Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ997527.pdf
Feng, Teng. (2019). Autonomy, agency, and identity in teaching and learning English as a foreign language. Singapore: Springer.Fowler, Floyd. (2014).Survey research methods(5thed.). London, United Kingdom: SAGE.
Gebril, Atta. (2017). Language teachers’ conceptions of assessment: An Egyptian perspective, teacher development, 21(1), 81-100. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13664530.2016.1218364
Jorba, Jaume.,& Sanmartí, Neus. (2000). La función pedagógica de la evaluación. In M. Ballester, J.M. Batalloso, M. Calatayud, I. Córdoba, J. Diego, & M. Fons (Eds.). Evaluación como ayuda al aprendizaje(pp. 21-44). Madrid, España: Graó-Editorial.
Lamb, Terry.,& Little, Sabine. (2016). Assessment for autonomy, assessment for learning, and learner motivation: Fostering learner identities. InD. Tsagari (ed.), Classroom-based assessment in L2 contexts(pp. 184-206). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Leung, Constant., & Lewkowicz, Jo. (2017). Assessing second/additional language of diverse populations. In E. Shohamy & I. May (Eds.), Language Testing and Assessment(3rded.) (pp. 323-342). Cham: Springer.
Macalister, John., & Nation, Paul. (2011). Case Studies in Language Curriculum Design: Concepts and Approaches in Action Around the World. New York: Routledge.
Masters, Geoff. (2013). Reforming education assessment: Imperatives, principles and challenges. Camberwell, London : Australian Council for Educational Research.
McNamara, Tim.,& Roever, Carsten. (2006). Language testing: The social dimension. Malden, United States of America: Blackwell Publishing.Murphy, Linda. (2015). Autonomy in assessment: Bridging the gap between rhetoric and reality in a distance language learning. In C. Everhard & L. Murphy (Eds.), Assessment and autonomy in language learning(pp. 8-34). London, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.
Opre, Dana. (2015). Teachers’ conceptions of assessment.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,209(3), 229-233. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.222
Purpura, James. (2016). Second and foreign language assessment.Modern Language Journal,100(S1), 190-208. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12308
Richards, Jack.,& Rodgers, Theodore. (2015).Approachesand methods in language teaching(3rded.). Cambridg, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Roever, Carsten. (2011). Testing of second language pragmatics: Past and future. Language Testing, 28(4), 463-481. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265532210394633
Scarino, Angela. (2013). Language assessment literacy as self-awareness: Understanding the role of interpretation in assessment and in teacher learning.Language Testing,30(3), 309-27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0265532213480128
Scarino, Angela. (2017). Developing assessment literacy of teachers of languages: A conceptual and interpretive challenge. Papers in Language Testing and Assessment, 6(1), 18-40. Retrieved from https://arts.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/2349863/6_1_SI2Scarino.pdf
Shohamy, Elana. (2007). Language tests as language policy tools. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 14(1), 117-130. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09695940701272948
Taras, Maddalena. (2005). Assessment –summativeand formative –some theoretical reflections. British Journal of Educational Studies, 53(4), 466-478. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8527.2005.00307.x
Tsagari, Dina., Vogt, Karin., Froelich, Veronika., Csépes, Ildikó., Fekete, Adrienne., Green Anthony., Hamp-Lyons, Liz., Sifakis, Nicos.,& Kordia, Stefania. (2018).Handbook of assessment for language teachers. Retrieved fromhttps://taleproject.eu/mod/page/view.php?id=1200