Palabras clave
Laws
Portable Devices
Wearables
Sports
Regulaciones
Leyes
Dispositivos portátiles
Wearables
Deportes
Cómo citar
Resumen
Recientes avances tecnológicos, incluyendo espacios de almacenaje y algoritmos computacionales, permiten la recolección y almacenaje de una amplia cantidad de variables biométricas asociadas al rendimiento deportivo. El propósito de este ensayo es reconocer la importancia de la tecnología portátil en el ámbito del deporte, así como las leyes internacionales y nacionales que regulan la recolección, uso y almacenaje de datos biométricos de naturaleza sensible provenientes de deportistas, con un ejemplo específico para el caso de futbolistas profesionales costarricenses. La información presentada y discutida es un insumo relevante y actual para la formación de profesionales en Educación Física. A diferencia de la normativa internacional, se concluye que en Costa Rica no existe claridad acerca de la legislación relacionada con la biometría del deporte. También queda en evidencia que es necesaria la creación de programas educativos interdisciplinarios en analítica deportiva.
Citas
Arnold, J. y Sade, M. (2017). Wearable technologies in collegiate sports: the ethics of collecting biometric data from student-athletes. The American Journal of Bioethics, 17(1), 67-70. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2016.1251648
Arnow, G. (2016). Apple watch-ing you: why wearable technology should be federally regulated. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, 49, 607-634. Recuperado de https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/llr/vol49/iss3/2/
Asamblea Legislativa de Costa Rica. (2011). Ley 8968 de Protección de la Persona frente al tratamiento de sus datos personales. San José, Costa Rica: Sistema Costarricense de Información Jurídica. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/2Tiwsje
Blanchfield, E., Hargroves, T., Keith, J., Lansing, C., Nordin, H., Palmer, C., ... Napoli, J. (2019). Developing Predictive Athletic Performance Models for Informative Training Regimens. En Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (Presidencia). 2019 Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium (SIEDS). Conferencia llevada a cabo en el Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Brush, A. (2015). Investigating the Impact of Using Wearable Technologies during Competitive Sporting Events. Kentucky Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation y Dance Journal, 21-21. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/31CFLiA
Casher, C. (2019). Moneyball in the Era of Biometrics: Who Has Ownership over the Biometric Data of Professional Athletes. Dalhousie Journal of Legal Studies, 28, 1-28. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3jpqjwq
Chapman, R., Mehta, S., Parent, B. y Caplan, L. (2019). Genetic discrimination: emerging ethical challenges in the context of advancing technology. Journal of Law and the Biosciences, lsz016, 1-23. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsz016
Contrato estándar de un jugador de fútbol profesional de Costa Rica. (2020). [White paper].
Davalos, S. (2017). Big data has a big role in biostatistics with big challenges and big expectations. Biostatistics and Biometrics Open Access Journal, 1(3), 555-563. doi: https://doi.org/10.19080/BBOAJ.2017.01.555563
Di Tore, A. (2015). Situation awareness and complexity: the role of wearable technologies in sports science. Journal of Human Sport y Exercise, 10, S500-S506. doi: https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2015.10.proc1.44
Discover Data Science. (2020). Guide to Choosing a Sports Analytics Degree. Discover Data Science. Recuperado de https://www.discoverdatascience.org/related-programs/sports-analytics/
Emerging Technology from the arXiv. (2016). Big Data Analysis Is Changing the Nature of Sports Science. MIT Technology Review. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3oiWv8e
Fédération Internationale de Football Association. (2020). Reglamento sobre el estatuto y la transferencia de jugadores. Zúrich, Suiza: Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA).
Gil, E. (2016). Big data, privacidad y protección de datos. Madrid: Ministerio de la Presidencia: Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. Recuperado de https://www.aepd.es/sites/default/files/2019-10/big-data.pdf
Gobierno de la República de Costa Rica. (1970). Código Penal de Costa Rica. Título IV, Delitos contra el ámbito de intimidad, Ley N° 4573. San José, Costa Rica: Imprenta Nacional. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/2Ti4Jzg
Gobierno de la República de Costa Rica. (2000). Ley de Información No Divulgada N° 7975. San José, Costa Rica: Sistema Costarricense de Información Jurídica. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3kriNCv
Greenbaum, D. (2018). Wuz You Robbed? Concerns With Using Big Data Analytics in Sports. American Journal of Bioethics, 18(6), 32-33. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2018.1459953
Greenwald, M. (2017). Cybersecurity in Sports. Questions of Privacy and Ethics. Tufts University Department of Computer Science. Recuperado de http://www.cs.tufts.edu/comp/116/archive/fall2017/mgreenwald.pdf
Grow, N. y Shackelford, S. (2020). The Sport of Cybersecurity: How Professional Sports Leagues Can Better Protect the Competitive Integrity of Their Games. Boston College Law Review, 61, 1-56. Recuperado de https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/bclr/vol61/iss2/3/
Hand, D. (2018). Aspects of Data Ethics in a Changing World: Where Are We Now? Big Data, 6(3), 176-190. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/big.2018.0083
Harriss, J., MacSween, A. y Atkinson, G. (2019). Ethical Standards in Sport and Exercise Science Research: 2020 Update. Int J Sports Med, 40(13), 813-817. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1015-3123
Hattery, M. (2017). Major League Baseball players, big data, and the right to know: the duty of major league baseball teams to disclose health modeling analysis to their players. Marquette Sports Law Review, 28(1), 257-283. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3mnZuKZ
Henne, K. (2017). “I Felt Like a Lab Rat”: The Importance of Power and Context in Understanding Biometric Technologies. The American Journal of Bioethics, 17(1), 63-65. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2016.1251659
Hernández-Vargas, A. M. (2009). Ordenamiento Jurídico Laboral-Deportivo de los Jugadores Profesionales de Fútbol en Costa Rica. (Tesis de Licenciatura). Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
Inglés, P., Pino, J., Bastida, A. y Gómez C. D. (2018). Análisis cinemático de las exigencias en futbolistas de categoría benjamín mediante un dispositivo inercial (WIMU PROTM). Kronos: revista universitaria de la actividad física y el deporte, 17(1), 1-10. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3dS4MLz
Isson, P. (2018). Unstructured Data Analytics: How to Improve Customer Acquisition, Customer Retention, and Fraud Detection and Prevention. Hoboken, NJ, EE.UU.: John Wiley y Sons, Inc.
Jessop, A. y Baker III, A. (2019). Big Data Bust: Evaluating the Risks of Tracking NCAA Athletes' Biometric Data. Texas Review of Entertainment y Sports Law, 20(1), 81-112. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3mi8QaZ
Jhajharia, S., Pal, S. y Verma, S. (2014). Wearable computing and its application. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, 5(4), 5700-5704. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3kr0Sf8
Kampakis, S. (2016). Predictive modelling of football injuries. (Tesis de doctorado). University College London. London, UK. Recuperado de https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1609/1609.07480.pdf
Kannan, A., Kolovich, B., Lawrence, B. y Rafiqi, S. (2018). Predicting National Basketball Association Success: A Machine Learning Approach. SMU Data Science Review, 1(3), 1-15. Recuperado de https://scholar.smu.edu/datasciencereview/vol1/iss3/7/
Karkazis, K. y Fishman, J. R. (2017). Tracking US professional athletes: The ethics of biometric technologies. The American Journal of Bioethics, 17(1), 45-60. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2016.1251633
Lamkin, P. (2016). Wearable Tech Market To Be Worth $34 Billion By 2020. Forbes. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/31ACYX4
Lazan, A. y Greenbaum, D. (2017). Collegiate sports: professionals all but in name raise unique bioethics concerns in the collection of biometric data. The American Journal of Bioethics, 17(1), 70-72. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2016.1251646
Lemire, J. (2016). Baseball’s Union Remains Wary of Wearables. Players are concerned that their personal health data is the next moneyball frontier. Vocativ. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3jlH0sl
Major League of Soccer. (2019). 2019 MLS Rosters. Recuperado de https://www.mlssoccer.com/rosters/2019
Morgulev, E., Azar, H. y Lidor, R. (2018). Sports analytics and the big-data era. International Journal of Data Science and Analytics, 5(4), 213-222. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-017-0093-7
Osborne, B. (2017). Legal and Ethical Implications of Athletes’ Biometric Data Collection in Professional Sport. Marquette Sports Law Review, 28(1), 37-84. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3jrhjqz
Pope, C. (2018). Biometric data collection in an unprotected world: Exploring the need for federal legislation protecting biometric data. Journal of Law and Policy, 26(2), 769-803. Recuperado de https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1570ycontext=jlp
Rein, R. y Memmert, D. (2016). Big data and tactical analysis in elite soccer: future challenges and opportunities for sports science. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1410. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3108-2
Rivera, V. (2019). Realidad sobre la Privacidad de los Datos Personales en Costa Rica. e-Ciencias de la Información, 9(2), 3-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.15517/ECI.V9I2.37503
Roberts, L., Cohen, I. G., Deubert, R. y Lynch, F. (2016). Evaluating NFL player health and performance: legal and ethical issues. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 165(2), 227-314. Recuperado de https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/penn_law_review/vol165/iss2/1/
Rossi, A., Pappalardo, L., Cintia, P., Iaia, M., Fernàndez, J. y Medina, D. (2018). Effective injury forecasting in soccer with GPS training data and machine learning. PLOS ONE, 13(7), 1-15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201264
Rotnitzky, N. (2019). Entrevista a Adrián Vaccarini (Preparador físico FPF): El método de Gareca para llevar a Perú a un Mundial y a la final de la Copa América. Analítica Sports. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/35wDbLY
Saxon, A. (2017). Athletic Performance Monitoring, Pseudo Science and Metaphysics Meet Ethics. The American Journal of Bioethics, 17(1), 61-62. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2016.1251663
Schulz, M. y Hennis J. A. (2016). Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Brussels: Official Journal of the European Union
Shahmiri, S. (2016). Wearing Your Data on Your Sleeve: Wearables, the FTC, and the Privacy Implications of this New Technology. Texas Review of Entertainment y Sports Law, 18(1), 25-48. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/2HqnvBL
ikka, S., Baer, M., Raja, A., Stuart, M. y Tompkins, M. (2019). Analytics in sports medicine: implications and responsibilities that accompany the era of big data. The Journal of Bone y Joint Surgery, 101(3), 276-283. doi: https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.17.01601
Socolow, R. y Jolly, I. (2017). Game-changing wearable devices that collect athlete data raise data ownership issues. World Sports Advocate, 15(7), 15-17. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/2Hw3IB2
Valcke, J. (2008). Circular N° 1171. Requisitos mínimos para contratos estándar de jugadores de fútbol profesional. En Federación Internacional de Fútbol Asociación (Ed.). Zúrich, Suiza: Federación Internacional de Fútbol Asociación (FIFA).
Vermeulen, E. y Venkata, S. (2018). Big data in sport analytics: applications and risks. En Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (Presidencia). Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management. Conferencia llevada a cabo en IEOM Society International. Pretoria/Johannesburg, South Africa. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3ojotk9