Evidence of artificial selection: are orchids in cultivation an effective <i>ex situ</i> conservation strategy?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15517/lank.v22i3.53443Palabras clave:
conservación in situ, evolución, selección fenotípica, selección natural, variación morfológicaResumen
Resumen. La selección artificial es el proceso por el cual los humanos cambian las características morfológicas y genéticas de las especies a través de la selección de caracteres "favorecidos". Aunque la literatura gris sugiere que el proceso está ocurriendo en orquídeas mantenidas en colecciones ex situ, existe evidencia limitada de esto en la literatura científica. Esta presente una perspectiva común entre los cultivadores de que las especies (no los híbridos) que se mantienen en las colecciones ex situ son fuentes potenciales de material para usar en el restablecimiento in situ, sin embargo, esto supone que no ha habido ninguna selección artificial de caracteres morfológicos, o rasgos funcionales mientras crecían y se propagaban ex situ. Aquí evaluamos si las plantas cultivadas en colecciones ex situ muestran cambios en las características morfológicas a lo largo del tiempo y si el rango de tamaño de los fenotipos está dentro del rango de las poblaciones in situ. Evaluamos plantas de la base de datos de la American Orchid Society de nueve géneros y 54 especies. Notamos que el 35% de los caracteres evaluados tenían evidencia de cambios significativos a lo largo del tiempo. Además, para la mayoría de las características evaluadas de las especies ex situ estaban frecuentemente (95%) fuera del rango de plantas de poblaciones naturales según las descripciones de las especies. Si la variación en el tamaño de las plantas en colecciones ex situ en comparación con las plantas in situ tiene una base genética, es posible que estas sean funcionalmente inadaptadas si se reintroducen en su entorno natural. Los protocolos para los programas de conservación ex situ deben centrarse en las interacciones ecológicas incluyendo la variación morfológica, bioquímicas y la diversidad genética que harían que la reintroducción de plantas ex situ a su entorno natural maximizara la probabilidad del restablecimiento efectivo. Por consecuencia, las especies que reciben reconocimiento en las exposiciones de orquídeas pueden ser potencialmente inapropiadas dentro de un programa de conservación de reintroducción in situ.
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