Resumen
Un aspecto clave de la actividad física es que produce un aumento en la tasa de gasto energético y, como resultado de las ineficiencias metabólicas que conducen a una alta producción de calor, produce un aumento en la necesidad de disipar el calor adicional con ayuda de la sudoración. No obstante, los estudios que valoran la ingesta de alimentos y bebidas en los atletas concluyen que estas personas no logran satisfacer de manera óptima su requerimiento diario previsto de energía ni de líquido, provocando que su rendimiento sea inferior con respecto a lo que su capacidad permitiría. Este problema obedece, en cierta medida, a una dependencia excesiva de las sensaciones de hambre y sed como guías para la ingesta de energía y líquido. Además, existen malentendidos sobre las mejores estrategias nutricionales para alcanzar tanto una composición corporal adecuada como un rendimiento óptimo. Todos los atletas, independientemente de su disciplina deportiva, deberían esforzarse por mejorar su relación fuerza-peso para facilitar una mayor habilidad de superar la resistencia asociada a su deporte; sin embargo, esto se puede interpretar incorrectamente como la necesidad de disminuir el peso, lo cual puede provocar el consumo insuficiente de energía a través de restricciones en la alimentación y dietas especiales. El resultado es, casi siempre, el opuesto de lo que se pretendía alcanzar, puesto que se dan relaciones más bajas de fuerza-peso que a su vez producen una espiral descendente en el consumo energético. Este manuscrito se concentra en las estrategias de equilibrio diario de alimentación e ingesta de líquido que utilizan actualmente con éxito muchos atletas de élite, incluyendo a corredores de larga distancia, velocistas, gimnastas, patinadores artísticos y jugadores de fútbol americano. Dichas estrategias pueden ayudar a los atletas y así evitar los errores comunes de baja ingesta, al mismo tiempo que mejoran su composición corporal y rendimiento.Citas
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