Resumo
Objetivos. A esclerose múltipla (EM), a condição neurológica crônica e progressiva mais comum do sistema nervoso central, afeta 26.000 adultos australianos. O treinamento físico tem efeitos benéficos nas deficiências relativas à EM, incluindo força muscular e mobilidade reduzidas e baixa capacidade aeróbica, o que pode, portanto, melhorar a qualidade de vida. Este artigo fornece recomendações baseadas em evidências para prescrição de exercícios e treinamento físico para pessoas portadoras de EM com deficiências leves a moderadas. Desenho e métodos. Síntese de trabalhos publicados na área de treinamento físico em EM. Resultados. O exercício oferece muitos benefícios para pessoas com EM. Há fortes evidências de que o treinamento resistido e aeróbico, realizado 2 a 3 vezes por semana em intensidade moderada, é seguro e pode melhorar a força muscular, a aptidão cardiorrespiratória, o equilíbrio, a fadiga, a capacidade funcional, a mobilidade e a qualidade de vida em pessoas portadoras de EM com deficiências leves a moderadas – Escala Expandida do Estado de Incapacidade, EDSS, ≤ 6.5. No entanto, as evidências para aqueles que têm deficiência grave – EDSS > 6.5 – são menos claras. Os efeitos do exercício na patogênese da EM, nas estruturas nervosas centrais e em outros resultados, como depressão e comprometimento cognitivo, não foram adequadamente investigados. Intervenções eficazes de exercícios para melhorar o equilíbrio e as contraturas articulares e reduzir as quedas em pessoas portadoras de EM também são urgentemente necessárias, bem como pesquisas sobre os efeitos em longo prazo (≥ 1 ano) do treinamento físico. Conclusões. Os exercícios resistidos e aeróbicos são eficazes no alívio de alguns sinais e sintomas característicos da EM, e devem ser complementados por exercícios de equilíbrio para prevenir quedas. Os programas de treinamento físico devem ser prescritos e administrados por profissionais qualificados. É importante reconhecer e adaptar-se às complicações associadas ao exercício, como fadiga e sensibilidade cardíaca.
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