Supplementary Files
Keywords
colonial education
racialization
ethnopolitical appropriations
multicultural nation
Identidad
Educación colonial
racialización
apropiaciones etnopoliticas
nación multicultural
Identidade
educação colonial
racialização
apropriações etnopolíticas
nação multicultural
How to Cite
Abstract
This paper reflects, from the case of the Garifuna Teachers in Belize, on the legacy and appropriation of identification categories, constructed during colonial times and rearticulated in a national context. Seeing identity as a social construction, discursive and situated, the paper analyzes firstly, specific case studies, how ethno-racial categories were discursively constructed and reproduced in colonial education context, and then, how they are appropriated by contemporaneous actors who crystalize the identity of the Garifuna group. The text is produced from historical literature on Belize and education, colonial archives produced in Belize at the beginning of the 20th century, collected in London (Kew), and interviews conducted in Belize, during 2017 and 2021. The article shows that differences continue to be constructed, in diverse ways, through ethno-racial distinctions in order to integrate the Garifuna identity in representations of Belize as a multicultural nation.
References
Agudelo, Carlos. (2011). Les Garifuna. Transnationalité territoriale, construction d’identités et action politique (I. Combes, Trad.). Revue européenne des migrations internationales, 27(1), 47-70. https://doi.org/10.4000/remi.5315
Arana, Francis. (2002). The Garifuna Teachers. Their Contribution to Education in Belize.
Bennett, J. Alexander. (2008). Education in Belize: A Historical Perspective. Angelus Press.
Bolland, Orlando Nigel. (1975). The formation of a colonial society: Belize, from conquest to Crown Colony. Department of Sociology, The University of Hull. https://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:7151
Bolland, Orlando Nigel y Shoman, Assad. (1977). Land in Belize, 1765-1871: The Origins of Land Tenure, Use and Distribution in a Dependent Economy. Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies.
Bolland, Orlando Nigel. (2003). Colonialism and resistance in Belize: Essays in Historical Sociology. Cubola Productions-University of the West Indes Press.
Brubaker, Rogers. (2002). Ethnicity without groups. European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie, 43(2), 163-189. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975602001066
Brun, Solène. (2019). Race et socialisation. La vie des idées. https://laviedesidees.fr/Race-et-socialisation.html
Bulmer-Thomas, Barbara y Bulmer-Thomas, Victor. (2012). The Economic History of Belize from the 17th Century to Post Independence (1 ed.). Cubola Books.
Bulmer-Thomas, Victor. (2012). The Economic History of the Caribbean since the Napoleonic Wars. Cambridge Univ. Press.
Cayetano, Marion y Cayetano, Roy. (2005). Garifuna language, dance and music-a masterpiece of the oral and intangible heritage of humanity. How did it happen? En The Garifuna. A nation across borders. Essays in Social Anthropology (pp. 230-255). Cubola Productions.
Correa Angulo, Carlos Enrique. (2018). "Creole is not a race Kriol is a culture": la movilización de la “cultura” entre los creoles afrobeliceños en Belice. [Tesis de doctorado en Antropología, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios en Antropología Social]. https://ciesas.repositorioinstitucional.mx/jspui/bitstream/1015/885/1/TE%20C.A.%202018%20Carlos%20Enrique%20Correa%20Angulo.pdf
Cunin, Elisabeth. (2013). Los criollos de Belice. ¿Encarnación de la identidad nacional o afirmación étnica? En Odile Hoffmann (Ed.), Política e identidad: Afrodescendientes en México y América Central (pp. 157-187). Centro de Estudios Mexicanos y Centroamericanos. http://books.openedition.org/cemca/234
Cunin, Elisabeth y Hoffmann, Odile. (2011). Description ou prescription ? Les catégories ethnico-raciales comme outils de construction de la nation. Les recensements au Belize, xixe-xxe siècles. Cahiers des Amériques latines, 2011/2(67), 183-205. https://doi.org/10.4000/cal.341
Cunin, Elisabeth y Hoffmann, Odile. (2014). Belize: Políticas Públicas e Gestão Da Pluralidade Étnica. Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas, 8(1), 52-71.
Douglass, William y Lyman, Stanford. (1976). L’ethnie: structure, processus et saillance. Cahiers Internationaux de Sociologie, 61, 197-220.
Enriquez, Jeremy. (2017). To Educate a Nation: Autobiography of Andres P. and Jane V. Enriquez. Produccicones de La Hamaca.
González Apodaca, Erica. (2016). Apropiaciones escolares en contextos etnopolíticos: Experiencias de egresados de la educación intercultural comunitaria ayuujk. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social.
Hall, Stuart. (2019). Race, ethnicité, nation: Le triangle fatal. Éditions Amsterdam.
Hoffmann, Odile. (2014). British Honduras: The invention of a colonial territory: mapping and spatial knowledge in the 19th century. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Cubola Productions.
Hoffmann, Odile. (2021). Propriété et territoire: La genèse d’un ordre colonial au Belize (XIXe-XXe s.). En Propriété et territoire: La genèse d’un ordre colonial au Belize (XIXe-XXe s.). Centro de Estudios Mexicanos y Centroamericanos. http://books.openedition.org/cemca/8587
Izard, Gabriel. (2005). Patrimonial activation and construction of Garifuna identity in contemporary Belize. En Joseph O. Palacio (Ed.), The Garifuna. A nation across borders. Essays in Social Anthropology (pp. 176-195). Cubola Productions.
Medina, Laurie Kroshus. (2004). Negotiating Economic Development: Identity Formation and Collective Action in Belize. University of Arizona Press.
National Archives Kew. (CO123/348/10) Report of an Enquiry into the Educational System of British Honduras, 1933-1934. By B. H. Easter. Printed by the Government Printer, Belize 1935.
National Archives Kew. (CO123/386/1) British Honduras Education 1944-1946.
National Archives Kew. (CO123/386/1) Letter from the Governor to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, 23rd February 1944.
National Archives Kew. (CO123/386/1) Letter from the Governor of British Honduras to Colonel Stanley, Secretary of State for the Colonies London, 24th February 1944.
National Archives Kew. (CO123/386/1) Letter from F.B. Martinez, Guinea Grass School, to the Secretary of the Royal Commission on Higher Education, British West Indies, 25th April 1944.
Oestreich, Joe Beth. (2002). Social studies curriculum development in Belize: 1950-2001. [Tesis de doctorado en Filosofía, The University of Texas at Austin]. https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/824
Palacios, Joseph. (2013). The Garifuna: A Nation across Borders: Essays in Social Anthropology. Cubola Publishers.
Ramirez Romero, Aïda. (2023). Héritage colonial et construction de l’école nationale. Discours, normes et pratiques de socialisations à une nation plurielle. Le cas du Belize. Université Côte d’Azur.
Ramos, Adèle. (2000). Thomas Vincent Ramos. The Man and his Writings. National Garifuna Council.
Rockwell, Elsie. (2005). La apropiación, un proceso entre muchos que ocurren en ámbitos escolares. En Memoria, conocimiento y utopía. Anuario de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia de la Educacion, 1 (pp. 28-38). Ediciones Pomares S.A.
Schaffer, Robin. (2020). Belling the Cat: Exploring Alignment Between the Church and State in Belize’s Education System. Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos, 46, 45-78. https://doi.org/10.15517/aeca.v46i0.42201
Shoman, Assad. (2011). A History of Belize in 13 Chapters (2a ed.). Angelus Press.
Shoman, Assad. (2018). Guatemala’s Claim to Belize: The Definitive History. Image Factory Art Foundation.
Toussaint Ribot, Mónica. (1993). Belice: una historia olvidada. Instituto Mora-Centro de Estudios Mexicanos y Centroamericanos.
Wainwright, Joel. (2009). The first duties of persons living in a civilized community: The Maya, the Church, and the colonial state in southern Belize. Journal of Historical Geography, 35(3), 428-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2008.09.001
Woods, Charles, Bennett, Alexander y Udz, Silvaana. (2015). Years of Grace: The History of Roman Catholic Evangelization in Belize: 1524-2014. Roman Catholic Diocese of Belize & Belmopan.
Comments
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License.