Abstract
Curriculum materials play an important role in the construction of the concept of the body to the extent that they are transmitters of knowledge, ideas and values. The aim of the study was to analyse whether the images in a collection of coloring books entitled The Boys´ Doodles Book and The girl´s Doodles Book show sexist stereotypes about body models and dominant patterns of physical activity. An independent observational group studied the images of the body through content analysis with a coding scheme using categories (gender, age, somatotype, space and type of physical activity) previously adopted by experts. The Boys´ Doodles Book shows an adult man with different body types, while women are not represented. In both books, the bodies do not maintain a preferred location. The Girls´Doodles Book represents a higher percentage of girls with a slender body, while men, who were under-represented, assume different body types. The Girls´Doodles Book tends to represent women in physical activities or sports with an artistic component. In conclusion, the images in both coloring books, promote sexist body shapes and physical activities. It is a warning to parents and mothers, as well as publishing houses, libraries and government agencies to critically analyse underlying patterns on coloring books.References
Barbero González, J. I. (2005). La escolarización del cuerpo: Reflexiones en torno a la levedad de los valores del capital "cuerpo" en educación física. Revista Iberoamericana De Educación, (39), 25-52.
Brugelles, C., & Cromer, S. (2009). In UNESCO (Ed.), Promoting gender equality through textbooks. A methodological guide. (1st ed.). France: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Devís, J. y Pérez, V. (2009) La ética profesional en la formación del profesorado de educación física. En L.
Martínez y R. Gómez (coords.) La educación física y el deporte en la edad escolar. El giro reflexivo en la enseñanza (pp.101-126). Buenos Aires: Miño y Dávila.
Dittmar, H., Halliwell, E., & Ive, S. (2006). Does barbie make girls want to be thin? the effect of experimental exposure to images of dolls on the body image of 5- to 8-year-old girls. Developmental Psychology, 42(2), 283-292. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.283
Gimeno Sacristán, J. (1991). El curriculum, una reflexión sobre la práctica (3ª ed.). Madrid: Morata.
Giroux, H. A., & Freire, P. (1992). Teoría y resistencia en educación:Una pedagogía para la oposición (1a ed.). México etc.: Siglo Veintiuno Editores.
González Pascual, M. (2005). ¿Tienen sexo los contenidos de la educación física escolar? transmisión de estereotipos de sexo a través de los libros de texto en la etapa de secundaria: Transmisión de estereotipos de sexo a través de los libros de texto en la etapa de secundaria. Revista Internacional De Medicina y Ciencias De La Actividad Física y Del Deporte, (18).
Gooden, A & Gooden, M. (2001). Gender representation in notable children's picture books: 1995-1999. Sex Roles, 45(1/2), 89-101.
Harriger, JA. Calogero, RM. Witherington, DC & Smith, JE. (2010). Body size stereotyping and internalization of the thin ideal in preschool girls. Sex Roles, 63(9-10), 609-620. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9868-1
Hsieh, H. F., and Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative health research, 15(9), 1277-1288.
Kirk, D. (1999). Physical culture, physical education and relational analysis. Sport, Education and Society, 4(1), 63.
Kirk, D. (2002). The Social Construction of the Body in Physical Education and Sport. In Laker, Anthony (Ed.), The Sociology of Physical Education and Sport: An Introductory Reader (pp. 79-91) London: Taylor & Francis.
Kortenhaus, C. M., & Demarest, J. (1993). Gender role stereotyping in children's literature: An update. Sex Roles,28(3-4), 219.
Martínez Bello, V. (2012). Análisis de contenido de la representación del cuerpo en un libro de texto de educación preescolar. Espiral, Revista de Docencia e Investigación. 2 (2), 9-18.
Maureen J, & Barbara J. (2010). Coloring within the lines: Gender stereotypes in contemporary coloring books. Sex Roles, 62(1-2), 127-137.
Michel, A. (1987). Fuera moldes: hacia una superación del sexismo en los libros infantiles y escolares.
Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Culura.
Molina Alventosa, J. P., Devís Devís, J., & Peiró, C. (2008). Materiales curriculares: Clasificación y uso en educación física. Pixel-Bit: Revista De Medios y Educación, (33), 183-197.
Hamilton, D., Anderson, M. & Broaddus, K. (2006). Gender stereotyping and under-representation of female characters in 200 popular children's picture books: A twenty-first century update.Sex Roles, 55(11-12), 757-765.
Olson, J. L. (2003). Children at the center of art education. Art Education, 56(4), 33.
Oskamp, S., Kaufman, K., & Wolterbeek, L. A. (1996). Gender role portrayals in preschool picture books. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 11(5), 27-39.
Peterson, S. B., & Lach, M. A. (1990). Gender stereotypes in children's books: Their prevalence and influence on cognitive and affective development. Gender and Education, 2(2), 185-197.
Pinder, A. (2010). In Michael O´Mara Books Ltd (Ed.), Doodles para niñas (D. Despeyroux Trans.). (Primera ed.). Reino Unido: Buster Books.
Pinder, A. (2010). In Michael O´Mara Books Ltd (Ed.), Doodles para niños (D. Despeyroux Trans.). (Primera ed.). Reino Unido: Buster Books.
Rachlin, S. K., & Vogt, G. L. (1974). Sex roles as presented to children by coloring books. The Journal of Popular Culture, VIII(3), 549-556. doi: 10.1111/j. 0022-3840.1974.0803_549.x
Táboas Pais, M. I., & Rey Cao, A. (2007). El cuerpo en las imágenes de los libros de texto de educación física: Análisis de dos editoriales. Kronos: Revista Universitaria De La Actividad Física y El Deporte, (11), 22-28.
Taboas-Pais, M. I., & Rey-Cao, A. (2010). Análisis de los estereotipos corporales y de los modelos de actividad física representados en las imágenes de los libros de texto de educación Física. Apunts.Educació Física i Esports, (100), 88.
Taboas-Pais, M. I., & Rey-Cao, A. (2012). Gender differences in physical education textbooks in spain: A content analysis of photographs. Sex Roles, 67(7-8), 389-402.
Taylor, F. (2003). Content analysis and gender stereotypes in children's books*. Teaching Sociology, 31(3), 300.
Thompson, C. (2003). Kinderculture in the art classroom: Early childhood art and the mediation of culture. Studies in Art Education, 44(2), 135-146.
Weitzman, L. J., Eifler, D., Hokada, E., & Ross, C. (1972). Sex-role socialization in picture books for preschool children. American Journal of Sociology, 77(6), 1125-1150.