Palabras clave
performance
cognition
balance
habilidad motora
rendimiento
cognición
equilibrio
habilidade motora
desempenho
cognição
equilíbrio
Cómo citar
Resumen
El rendimiento exitoso en cada deporte requiere una alta capacidad en diversas características, incluidas las habilidades motoras y perceptivo-cognitivas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comparar el equilibrio y la agilidad en atletas de varias ramas deportivas, para descubrir cómo se relacionan las funciones cognitivas con estos parámetros. En este estudio prospectivo-descriptivo se incluyeron setenta y tres individuos con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 30 años. En la evaluación de la cognición se utilizaron la Escala de Evaluación Cognitiva de Montreal, la Prueba d2 de Atención y un Dispositivo Temporizador de Anticipación de Bassin. Por su parte, el Prokin-TecnoBody se utilizó para medir las habilidades de equilibrio y el Test de Agilidad de Illinois (IAT) se utilizó para la agilidad. Los tiempos de IAT mostraron correlaciones débiles positivas tanto con la puntuación de error absoluto (AES) a 8mph (r = 0.260, p = .040) como con la puntuación de equilibrio mediolateral (ML [r = 0.255, p = .043]). Si bien hubo una correlación débil negativa entre AES a 3 mph y la puntuación anteroposterior del equilibrio (r = -0.267, p = .035), se encontró una correlación débil positiva entre AES a 8 mph y ML del equilibrio (r = 0.253, p = .046). Se encontró que los puntajes del IAT del grupo sedentario fueron significativamente más bajos que los de los atletas (p = .000). Según AES a 3 mph, había diferencias significativas entre los tenistas, por una parte, y los sedentarios y los jugadores de voleibol, por otra (p = .008, p = .002, respectivamente). Cuando se comparó el AES a 8 mph, la única diferencia estadísticamente significativa fue entre tenistas y sedentarios (p = .008). En conclusión, este estudio muestra cómo las funciones cognitivas, en particular el tiempo de anticipación de coincidencias, se correlacionan con factores esenciales del rendimiento físico como la agilidad y el equilibrio en diferentes ramas deportivas, lo que sugiere que al mejorar las habilidades cognitivas, también lo haría el rendimiento atlético general e informar las estrategias de entrenamiento mental en los deportes. Se recomienda que las futuras investigaciones en ciencias del deporte se centren en mejorar el tiempo de anticipación de coincidencias mediante programas de entrenamiento específicos.
Citas
Akbulut, M., Aktağ, I., & Akpınar, S. (2015). Takım sporu ile bireysel spor yapan öğrencilerin sezinleme zamanlarının incelenmesi [Investigation of Anticipation Time in Students Participating in Team and Individual Sports]. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 26(4), 154-164. https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.237460
Akpınar, S., Devrilmez, E., & Kirazci, S. (2012). Coincidence-anticipation timing requirements are different in racket sports. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 115(2), 581-593. https://doi.org/10.2466/30.25.27.PMS.115.5.581-593
Altmann, S., Neumann, R., Ringhof, S., Rumpf, M. C., & Woll, A. (2022). Soccer-specific agility: Reliability of a newly developed test and correlates of performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 36(5), 1410-1416. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003635
Alves, H., Voss, M. W., Boot, W. R., Deslandes, A., Cossich, V., Salles, J. I., & Kramer, A.F. (2013) Perceptual-cognitive expertise in elite volleyball players. Frontiers in Psychology, 4,36. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00036
Bin Shamshuddin, M. H., Hasan, H., Azli, M. S., Mohamed, M. N., & Razak, F. A. A. (2020). Effects of plyometric training on speed and agility among recreational football players. International Journal of Human Movemalet and Sports Sciences, 8(5). https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2020.080503
Boutios, S., Fiorilli, G., Buonsenso, A., Daniilidis, P., Centorbi, M., Intrieri, M., & di Cagno, A. (2021). The Impact of Age, Gender and Technical Experience on Three Motor Coordination Skills in Children Practicing Taekwondo. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(11), 5998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115998
Brickenkamp, R., & Zillmer, E. (1998). The d2 test: A timed test of selective attention. Hogrefe & Huber.
Broadbent, D. P., Causer, J., Williams, A. M., & Ford, P. R. (2015). Perceptual-cognitive skill training and its transfer to expert performance in the field: Future research directions. European Journal of Sport Science, 15(4), 322-331. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.957727
Ceylan, H. İ., & Günay, A. R. (2020). The Effects of Time of Day and Chronotype on Anticipation Timing Performance in Team Sports Athletes. International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology, 9(7), 19-29.
Chiracu, A., Foloştină, R., & Bejan, R. (2017). The Role of Cognitive Abilities in Sports Performance. Romanian Journal of Experimental Applied Psychology, 8.
Conti, J. (2017). Cognitive assessment: A challenge for occupational therapists in Brazil. Dementia & Neuropsychologia, 11, 121-128. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642016dn11-020004
Çağlar, E., & Koruç, Z. (2006). d2 di̇kkat testi̇ni̇n sporcularda güveni̇rli̇ği̇ ve geçerli̇ği̇ [Reliability and validity of d2 test of attention for athletes]. Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences, 17(2), 58-80.
Çelenk, Ç., Arslan, H., Aktuğ, Z. B., & Şimşek, E. (2018). The comparison between static and dynamic balance performances of team and individual athletes. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.113461
Çetin, A., Çengel, S. M., & Dilbaz, N. (2017) Transkraniyal Manyetik Uyarım ve Kognisyon. [Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Cognition]. Turkiye Klinikleri Psychiatry-Special Topics, 10(2), 145-9.
Demirhan, B., Botobaev, B., Canuzakov, K., & Serdar, G. (2017) Investigation of agility levels according to different sport branches. Turkish Journal of Sport Exercise, 19(1), 1-6.
Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135–168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
Duncan, M., Smith, M., & Lyons, M. (2013). The effect of exercise intensity on coincidence anticipation performance at different stimulus speeds. European journal of sport science, 13(5), 559-566. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.752039
Gerrior, S., Juan, W., & Basiotis, P. (2006). An easy approach to calculating estimated energy requirements. Preventing chronic disease, 3(4), A129.
Gomez-Ramirez, M., Hysaj, K., & Niebur, E. (2016). Neural mechanisms of selective attention in the somatosensory system. Journal of neurophysiology, 116(3), 1218-1231. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00637.2015
Hamilton, M. T., Healy, G. N., Dunstan, D. W., Zderic, T. W., & Owen, N. (2008). Too Little Exercise and Too Much Sitting: Inactivity Physiology and the Need for New Recommendations on Sedentary Behavior. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports, 2(4), 292-298. https://doi.org//10.1007/s12170-008-0054-8.
Lafayette Instrument Company. (2008). Bassin anticipation timer user’s manual (Model 35575).
Ionescu, A., & Ionescu, V. (2022) The Relationship of Agility and Balance Tests Results of Young Female Skaters with Competition Scores in Figure Skating. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov Series IX: Sciences of Human Kinetics, 11-20. https://doi.org/10.31926/but.shk.2021.14.63.2.1
Kalén, A., Bisagno, E., Musculus, L., Raab, M., Pérez-Ferreirós, A., & Williams, A. M. (2021) The role of domain-specific and domain-general cognitive functions and skills in sports performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 147(12), 1290. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000355
Kim, H. (2023). Coincidence anticipation timing requirements across different stimulus speeds in various sports: A pilot study. Cell, 765, 586-5878.
Kim, R., Nauhaus, G., Glazek, K., Young, D., & Lin, S. (2013). Development of coincidence-anticipation timing in a catching task. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 117(1), 319-338. https://doi.org/10.2466/10.23.PMS.117x17z9
Ku, Y. (2018). Selective attention on representations in working memory: cognitive and neural mechanisms. PeerJ , 6, e4585. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4585
Lima, R., Rico-González, M., Pereira, J., Caleiro, F., & Clemente, F. (2021). Reliability of a reactive agility test for youth volleyball players. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, 28(1), 8-12. https://doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2021-0002
Ludyga, S., Gerber, M., Pühse, U., Looser, V. N.,& Kamijo K. (2020). Systematic review and meta-analysis investigating moderators of long-term effects of exercise on cognition in healthy individuals. Nature human behaviour, 4(6), 603-612. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0851-8.
Mackala, K., Vodičar, J., Žvan, M., Križaj, J., Stodolka, J., Rauter, S., & Čoh, M. (2020). Evaluation of the pre-planned and non-planed agility performance: comparison between individual and team sports. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(3), 975. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030975
Miller, M. G., Herniman, J. J., Ricard, M. D., Cheatham, C. C., & Michael, T. J. (2006). The effects of a 6-week plyometric training program on agility. Journal of sports science & medicine, 5(3), 459.
Mocanu, G. D., Murariu, G., Onu, I., & Badicu, G. (2022). The Influence of Gender and the Specificity of Sports Activities on the Performance of Body Balance for Students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(13), 7672. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137672
Moradi, H., Movahedi, A., & Arabi, M. (2020). The Effect of Perceptual-Motor Exercise on Improvement in Executive Functions of Children with Autism Disorder. Shefaye Khatam, 8(2), 1-8.
Novikova, N. (2021). Study of performance and assessment of the state of higher nervous activity of the human operator in the “man-display” system. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1902(1), 012081. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1902/1/012081
Özen Oruk, D., Bayar, K., Saygın, Özcan., & Bayar, B. (2024). Database of Cognitive functions and their relation to balance and agility in athletes from different sports branches. Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.15517/pensarmov.v22i2.61860
Raya, M. A., Gailey, R. S., Gaunaurd, I. A., Jayne, D. M., Campbell, S. M., Gagne, E., Manrique, P. G., Muller, D. G., & Tucker, C. (2013). Comparison of three agility tests with male servicemembers: Edgren Side Step Test, T-Test, and Illinois Agility Test. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 50(7). https://doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2012.05.0096
Ricotti, L. (2011). Static and dynamic balance in young athletes. Journal of human sport and exercise, 6(4), 616-628. https://doi.org/10.4100/jhse.2011.64.05
Rokaya, A., Roshan, P., & D’Souza, C. (2021) Relationship between dynamic balance and agility in trained soccer players—A correlational study. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 11, 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.11.07.2021.p11517
Rossetti, H. C., Lacritz, L. H., Cullum, C. M., & Weiner, M. F. (2011). Normative data for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in a population-based sample. Neurology, 77(13), 1272-1275. https://doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.11.07.2021.p11517
Saygın, O., Göral, K., & Ceylan, H. I. (2016). An examination of the coincidence anticipation performance of soccer players according to their playing positions and different stimulus speeds. Sport Journal, 1(11).
Sheppard, J. M., & Young, W. B. (2006). Agility literature review: Classifications, training and testing. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24, 919–932. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500457109
Šimonek, J., Horička, P., & Hianik, J. (2017) The differences in acceleration, maximal speed and agility between soccer, basketball, volleyball and handball players. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 12(1), 73-82. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2017.121.06
Sinkovic, F., Foretic, N., & Novak, D. (2022). Reliability, validity and sensitivity of newly developed tennis-specific reactive agility tests. Sustainability, 14(20), 13321. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013321
Tecnobody. (2024). Prokin. http://www.tecnobody.it/en/prokin
Tulchin-Francis, K., & Ulman, S. (2021). PEDI-CHAMP© Agility Test Varies by Age, Gender and Sport Specialization in Youth Athletes. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 9(7 Suppl 3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967121S00147
Vaughan, R. S., & Laborde, S. (2021). Attention, working-memory control, working-memory capacity, and sport performance: The moderating role of athletic expertise. European journal of sport science, 21(2), 240-249. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1739143
Verburgh, L., Scherder, E. J., van Lange, P. A., & Oosterlaan, J. (2014) Executive functioning in highly talented soccer players. PloS one, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091254
Walton, C. C., Keegan, R. J., Martin, M., & Hallock, H. (2018). The potential role for cognitive training in sport: more research needed. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 1121. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01121
Yarrow, K., Brown, P., & Krakauer, J.W. (2009). Inside the brain of an elite athlete: the neural processes that support high achievement in sports. Nature Neuroscience Reviews, 10, 585–596. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2672
Yaycı, L. (2013). D2 dikkat testinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [A Study on The Validity and Reliability of d2 Attention-Tests]. Kalem Uluslararası Eğitim ve İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 3, 43-80.
Yongtawee, A., Park, J., Kim, Y., & Woo, M. (2022). Athletes have different dominant cognitive functions depending on type of sport. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2021.1956570
Yoo, S., Park, S.-K., Yoon, S., Lim, H. S., & Ryu, J. (2018). Comparison of proprioceptive training and muscular strength training to improve balance ability of taekwondo poomsae athletes: A randomized controlled trials. Journal of sports science & medicine, 17(3), 445.
Young, W. B., Dawson, B., & Henry, G. J. (2015). Agility and change-of-direction speed are independent skills: Implications for training for agility in invasion sports. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 10, 159-169. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.10.1.159
Zemková, E., & Hamar, D. (2014) Agility performance in athletes of different sport specializations. Acta Gymnica, 44(3), 133-40. https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2014.013
Zwierko, T., Lesiakowski, P., Redondo, B., & Vera, J. (2022). Examining the ability to track multiple moving targets as a function of postural stability: a comparison between team sports players and sedentary individuals. PeerJ, 10, e13964. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13964
Comentarios
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2024 Dilara Özen Oruk, Kılıçhan Bayar, Özcan Saygın, Banu Bayar