Keywords
cardiac hypertrophy
neurogenesis
muscle regeneration
nerve remyelination
Balance energético
hipertrofia cardiaca
neurogénesis
regeneración muscular
remielinización nerviosa
Equilíbrio energético
hipertrofia cardíaca
neurogênese
regeneração muscular
remielinização nervosa
How to Cite
Abstract
This paper reviews a few important discoveries related to exercise physiology, made possible by the parabiosis model. Parabiosis is an experimental physiological setup in which two animals share a common blood circulation. By means of this approach it is possible to demonstrate the existence of circulating blood factors as well as their effect on several organs. Although parabiosis has been performed for over 150 years, it is at the present time often performed because its combination with modern methods provided by advances in molecular biology makes it much stronger. Using parabiosis, it has been shown that circulating blood factors in animals are capable –among other actions- of a) controlling body fat mass by means of negative feedback b) bringing down ageing-related cardiac hypertrophy and its associated diastolic dysfunction c) inhibiting neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and impairing cognitive functions d) enhancing remyelination in the spinal cord and e) enhancing or inhibiting regeneration of skeletal muscle after injury. The continuous finding of circulating blood factors and their effect on several organs raises new questions about the cellular and molecular mechanisms explaining such phenomena and its application to human health. Exercise physiology is a valuable tool in order to find the answers.References
Alagiakrishnan, K., Banach, M., Jones, L. G., Datta, S., Ahmed, A., & Aronow, W. S. (febrero, 2013). Update on diastolic heart failure or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in the older adults. Annals of Medicine, 45(1), 37-50. doi: 10.3109/07853890.2012.660493 Ir a artículo http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/07853890.2012.660493
Arthur, S. T., & Cooley, I. D. (2012). The effect of physiological stimuli on sarcopenia; impact of Notch and Wnt signaling on impaired aged skeletal muscle repair. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 8(5), 731-760. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.4262 Ir a artículo http://www.ijbs.com/v08p0731.htm
Brobeck, J. R. (julio, 1948). Food intake as a mechanism of temperature regulation. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 20(6), 545-552. Ir a artículo http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2602369/
Bunster, E., & Meyer, R. (febrero, 1933). An improved method of parabiosis. The Anatomical Record, 57(4), 339-343. doi: 10.1002/ar.1090570404 Ir a artículo http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.1090570404/abstract
Carey, R. M. (2013). The intrarenal renin-angiotensin and dopaminergic systems: control of renal sodium excretion and blood pressure. Hypertension, 61, 673-680.
doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00241 Ir a artículo http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/61/3/673.full
Coleman, D. L., & Hummel, K. P. (noviembre, 1969). Effects of parabiosis of normal with genetically diabetic mice. American Journal of Physiology, 217(5), 1298-1304. Ir a artículo http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/content/217/5/1298.extract
Conboy, I. M., Conboy, M. J., Wagers, A. J., Girma, E. R., Weissman, I. L., & Rando, T. A. (2005). Rejuvenation of aged progenitor cells by exposure to a young systemic environment. Nature, 433, 760-764. doi: 10.1038/nature03260 Ir a artículo http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/full/nature03260.html
Conboy, I. M., & Rando, T. A. (2005). Aging, stem cells and tissue regeneration: lessons from muscle. Cell Cycle, 4(3), 407-410. doi: 10.4161/cc.4.3.1518 Ir a artículo https://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/cc/article/1518/?nocache=1172289792
Curlik, D. M., & Shors, T. J. (enero, 2013). Training your brain: Do mental and physical (MAP) training enhance cognition through the process of neurogenesis in the hippocampus? Neuropharmacology, 64, 506-514. Ir a artículo http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390812003632?np=y
Dai, D. F., Chen, T., Johnson, S. C., Szeto, H., & Rabinovitch, P. S. (2012). Cardiac aging: from molecular mechanisms to significance in human health and disease. Antioxid & Redox Signal, 16(12), 1492-1526. doi: 10.1089/ars.2011.4179 Ir a artículo http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ars.2011.4179
Deng, W., Aimone, J., & Gage, F. H. (mayo, 2010). New neurons and new memories: how does adult hippocampal neurogenesis affect learning and memory? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(5), 11. doi:10.1038/nrn2822 Ir a artículo http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v11/n5/abs/nrn2822.html
Febbraio, M. A., & Pedersen, B. K. (julio, 2005). Contraction-induced myokine production and release: is skeletal muscle an endocrine organ? Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 33(3), 114-119. Ir a artículo http://journals.lww.com/acsm-essr/Abstract/2005/07000/Contraction_Induced_Myokine_Production_and.3.aspx
Finerty, J. C. (julio, 1952). Parabiosis in physiological studies. Physiological Reviews, 32(3), 277-302. Ir a artículo http://physrev.physiology.org/content/32/3/277.full.pdf+html
Friedman, J. M., & Halaas, J. L. (octubre, 1998). Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature, 395(6704), 763-770. doi: 10.1038/27376 Ir a artículo http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v395/n6704/full/395763a0.html
Halaas, J. L., Boozer, C., Blair-West, J., Fidahusein, N., Denton, D. A., & Friedman, J. M. (1997). Physiological response to long-term peripheral and central leptin infusion in lean and obese mice. Proceeding of the National Academy Sciences of the United States of America, 94(16), 8878-8883. Ir a artículo http://www.pnas.org/content/94/16/8878.full.pdf
Harris, R. B. (junio, 1997). Loss of body fat in lean parabiotic partners of ob/ob mice. American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 272, R1809-1815. Ir a artículo http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/272/6/R1809
Hausberger, F. X. (febrero, 1959). Behavior of transplanted adipose tissue of hereditarily obese mice. The Anatomical Record, 135(2), 109-113. doi: 10.1002/ar.1091350205 Ir a artículo http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.1091350205/abstract
Hervey, G. R. (1959). The effects of lesions in the hypothalamus in parabiotic rats. The Journal of Physiology, 145(2), 336-352. Ir a artículo http://jp.physoc.org/content/145/2/336.full.pdf
Hilton, L. K., & Loucks, A. B. (enero, 2000). Low energy availability, not exercise stress, suppresses the diurnal rhythm of leptin in healthy young women. American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism, 278(1), E43-49. Ir a artículo http://ajpendo.physiology.org/content/278/1/E43
Jürimäe, J., Mäestu, J., Jürimäe, T., Mangus, B., & von Duvillard, S. P. (marzo, 2011). Peripheral signals of energy homeostasis as possible markers of training stress in athletes: a review. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, , 60(3), 335-350. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.02.009 Ir a artículo http://www.metabolismjournal.com/article/S0026-0495(10)00063-6/abstract
Kennedy, G. C. (1953). The role of depot fat in the hypothalamic control of food intake in the rat. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 140(901), 578-596. doi:10.1098/rspb.1953.0009 Ir a artículo http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/140/901/578.full.pdf+html
Kronenberg, G., Bick-Sander, A., Bunk, E., Wolf, C., Ehninger, D., & Kempermann, G. (octubre, 2006). Physical exercise prevents age-related decline in precursor cell activity in the mouse dentate gyrus. Neurobiology of Aging, 27(10), 1505-1513. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.09.016 Ir a artículo http://www.neurobiologyofaging.org/article/S0197-4580(05)00260-5/abstract
Loffredo, F. S., Steinhauser, M. L., Jay, S. M., Gannon, J., Pancoast, J. R., Yalamanchi, P., . . . Lee, R. T. (mayo, 2013). Growth differentiation factor 11 is a circulating factor that reverses age-related cardiac hypertrophy. Cell, 153(4), 828-839. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.04.015 Ir a artículo http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(13)00456-X
Luo, D., Renault, V. M., & Rando, T. A. (agosto-octubre, 2005). The regulation of Notch signaling in muscle stem cell activation and postnatal myogenesis. Seminars in Cell Developmental Biolpgy, 16(4-5), 612-622. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2005.07.002 Ir a artículo http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1084952105000832
Moeller, J. J., & Maxner, C. E. (setiembre, 2007). The dilated pupil: an update. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 7(5), 417-422. Ir a artículo http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11910-007-0064-9
Morgado-Bernal, I. (marzo, 2011). Learning and memory consolidation: linking molecular and behavioral data. Neuroscience, 176, 12-19. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.12.056 Ir a artículo http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452210016933
Najjar, S. S., Scuteri, A., & Lakatta, E. G. (2005). Arterial aging: is it an immutable cardiovascular risk factor? Hypertension, 46(3), 454-462. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000177474.06749.98 Ir a artículo http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/46/3/454.abstract
Parameswaran, S. V., Steffens, A. B., Hervey, G. R., & de Ruiter, L. (mayo, 1977). Involvement of a humoral factor in regulation of body weight in parabiotic rats. American Journal of Physiologyl - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 232(5), R150-157. Ir a artículo http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/232/5/R150
Paulsen, G., Mikkelsen, U. R., Raastad, T., & Peake, J. M. (2012). Leucocytes, cytokines and satellite cells: what role do they play in muscle damage and regeneration following eccentric exercise? Exercise Immunology Review, 18, 42-97. Ir a artículo http://www.medizin.uni-tuebingen.de/transfusionsmedizin/institut/eir/content/2012/42/article.pdf
Pedersen, B. K., & Fischer, C. P. (abril, 2007). Beneficial health effects of exercise--the role of IL-6 as a myokine. Trends Pharmacological Sciences, 28(4), 152-156. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2007.02.002 Ir a artículo http://www.cell.com/trends/pharmacological-sciences/abstract/S0165-6147(07)00046-6
Ransohoff, R. M. (setiembre, 2011). Ageing: Blood ties. Nature, 477(7362), 41-42. doi: 10.1038/477041a Ir a artículo http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v477/n7362/abs/477041a.html
Ruckh, J. M., Zhao, J. W., Shadrach, J. L., van Wijngaarden, P., Rao, T. N., Wagers, A. J., & Franklin, R. J. (enero, 2012). Rejuvenation of regeneration in the aging central nervous system. Cell Stem Cell, 10(1), 96-103. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2011.11.019 Ir a artículo http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1934590911005807
Thomas, G. A., Kraemer, W. J., Comstock, B. A., Dunn-Lewis, C., Maresh, C. M., & Volek, J. S. (setiembre, 2013). Obesity, Growth Hormone and Exercise. Sports Medicine,9 (43), 839-849.. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0064-7 Ir a artículo http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40279-013-0064-7
Vallières, L., Campbell, I. L., Gage, F. H., & Sawchenko, P. E. (2002). Reduced hippocampal neurogenesis in adult transgenic mice with chronic astrocytic production of interleukin-6. The Journal of Neuroscience, 22(2), 486-492. Ir a artículo http://www.jneurosci.org/content/22/2/486.full.pdf
Villeda, S. A., Luo, J., Mosher, K. I., Zou, B., Britschgi, M., Bieri, G., . . . Wyss-Coray, T. (setiembre, 2011). The ageing systemic milieu negatively regulates neurogenesis and cognitive function. Nature, 477(7362), 90-94. doi: 10.1038/nature10357 Ir a artículo http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v477/n7362/full/nature10357.html