Isolation and molecular identification of fungi in bananas with and without leaf spots
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15517/mqdx8181Keywords:
Musa acuminata, phytopathology, microbiote, ADN, PCRAbstract
Introduction. The foliar structure of banana plants is a determining factor in the yield and development of the crop. The microbial composition in foliar spots is relevant for understanding the emergence and spread of diseases. Objective. To perform the isolation and molecular identification of fungi in banana plants with and without leaf spots. Materials and Methods. In 2019, a non-experimental research study was conducted with a quantitative approach and descriptive level, using banana leaves from Musa acuminate (cv.IC2) with spots (HCM) and without spots (HSM), collected from a conventionally managed agricultural plot in northern Peru. Leaf fragments of 5 x 5 mm were cultivated on microbiological media, and fungal strains were isolated based on their macrostructures. DNA was extracted from the strains, and conventional PCR was performed targeting the ITS region of fungi (700 bp). The PCR products were then sequenced using the Sanger method in double strands. Taxonomic assignments at the species level were made using the BLAST tool, based on homology comparison with sequences from GenBank. Results. A total of eleven fungal species were identified in HCM and eight in HSM, including both phytopathogenic and non-phytopathogenic species. The predominant species in HCM were Fusarium spp., Cladosporium cladosporioides, and Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Additionally, it was observed that HCM shared three genera with HSM: Nigrospora, Cladosporium, and Fusarium. Conclusion. Fungal isolation and molecular identification were performed on bananas with and without leaf spots, and phytopathogenic and beneficial species were found.
Downloads
References
Abedrabbo Campana, A. S. (2017). Identificación microscópica y molecular de hongos asociados a Mycosphaerella fijiensis (Sigatoka Negra) en banano [Tesis de licenciatura, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ]. Repositorio digital de la Universidad San Francisco de Quito https://repositorio.usfq.edu.ec/jspui/handle/23000/6666
Aguilar-Anccota, R., Arévalo-Quinde, C. G., Morales-Pizarro, A., & Galecio-Julca, M. (2021). Fungi associated with necrosis of vascular bundles in organic banana crop: Symptoms, isolation and identification, and integrated management alternatives. Scientia Agropecuaria, 12(2), 249-256. https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2021.028
Atsen, D. M. M., Okechalu, B. O., & Luka, D. (2024). Evaluation of the microbiological, sensory, and nutritional quality of chips produced from four varieties of potato (Solanum tuberosum) in Jos, Nigeria. Acta Scientific Microbiology, 7(6), 25-36. https://dx.doi.org/10.31080/ASMI.2024.07.1383
Batallas Fonseca, E. J. (2015). Caracterización morfológica de hongos fitopatógenos en el cultivo de banano (Musa paradisiaca l.) sector Los Laureles, cantón La Maná, Cotopaxi 2015. [Tesis de titulación, Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi]. Repositorio digital de la Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi. https://repositorio.utc.edu.ec/handle/27000/2512
Barnett, H. L., & Hunter, B. B. (1998). Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi (4th ed.). Burgess Publishing Co.
Bhat, A. H., Shah, M. D., Padder, B. A., Shah, Z. A., Dar, E. A., Fayaz, U., Nain, M. S., Ali, M. A., Al-Hemaid, F. M., Stępień, P., Ahmed, M. A. A., & Salama, E. A. A. (2023). Morphological, pathogenic and genetic diversity in Diplodia seriata associated with black rot canker of apple in India. Scientific Reports, 13, Article 15682. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-42534
Bensch, K., Braun, U., Groenewald, J. Z., & Crous, P. W. (2012). El género Cladosporium. Studies in Micology, 72(1), 1-401. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim0003
Buddie, A. G., Martínez-Culebras, P., Bridge, P. D., García, M. D., Querol, A., Cannon, P. F., & Monte, E. (1999). Caracterización molecular de cepas de Colletotrichum derivadas de fresa. [Tesis de doctorado, Universidad de Valencia]. Repositorio digital Roderic. https://roderic.uv.es/items/16af090e-75c9-40e4-9199-3514a8c21187
Cao, L. X., You, J. L., & Zhou, S. N. (2002). Endophytic fungi from Musa acuminata leaves and roots in South China. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 18, 169-171. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014491528811
Carlier, J., De Waele, D., & Escalant, J. V. (2002). Evaluación global de la resistencia de los bananos al marchitamiento por Fusarium, enfermedades de las manchas foliares causadas por Mycosphaerella y nematodos. Red Internacional para el Mejoramiento del Banano y el Plátano.
Car Rodríguez, C. (2009). Aislamiento y selección de hongos antagonistas en plantaciones de banano (Musa AAA) para el combate biológico de la Sigatoka negra. [Tesis de licenciatura, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica]. Repositorio digital TEC. https://hdl.handle.net/2238/2779
Carvalhais, L. C., Henderson, J., Rincon-Florez, V. A., O’Dwyer, C., Czislowski, E., & Aitken, A.B., Drenth, A. (2019). Molecular diagnostics of banana Fusarium wilt targeting secreted-in-xylem genes. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, Article 547. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00547
Chaibub, A. A., Gundim, J. A. B., de Araújo, L. G., & de Filippi, M. C. C. (2025). Cladosporium cladosporioides for disease control and defense response induction in upland rice grown under an agroecological system. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 49(5), 773-791. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2025.2456914
Chen, Q., Bakhshi, M., Balci, Y., Broders, K.D., Cheewangkoon, R., Chen, S.F., Fan, X.L., Gramaje, D., Halleen, F., Horta Jung, M., Jiang, N., Jung, T., Májek, T., Marincowitz, S., Milenković, I., Mostert, L., Nakashima, C., Nurul Faziha, I., Pan, M., Raza, M. et al. (2022). Genera of phytopathogenic fungi: GOPHY 4. Studies in Mycology, 101(1), Article 417. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim.2022.101.06
Crous, P. W., Schroers, H. J., Groenewald, J. Z., Braun, U., & Schubert, K. (2006). Metulocladosporiella gen. nov. for the causal organism of Cladosporium speckle disease of banana. Mycological Research, 110(3), 264-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2005.10.003
Deltour, P., Franc, S. C., Heyman, L., Pereira, O. L., & Höfte, M. (2018). Comparative analysis of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum populations associated with banana on a farm in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Plant Pathology, 67(3), 707-718. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12757
Ellis, M. B. (1971). Dematiaceous hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute.
Farr, D. F., Bills, G. F., Chamuris, G. P., & Rossman, A. Y. (1989). Fungi on plants and products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society.
Freeman, S., Katan, T., & Shabi, E. (1996). Caracterización de aislamientos de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides de frutos de aguacate y almendra mediante pruebas moleculares y de patogenicidad. Applied Environment Microbiology, 62(3), 1014-1020. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.62.3.1014-1020.1996
García-Velasco, R., Portal-González, N., Santos-Bermúdez, R., Rodríguez-García, A., & Companioni-González, B. (2021). Mejoramiento genético para la resistencia a marchitez por Fusarium en banano. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología, 39(1), 122-146. https://doi.org/10.18781/r.mex.fit.2008-2
García-Velasco, R., Portal-González, N., Santos-Bermúdez, R., Yanes-Paz, E., Lorenzo-Feijoo, J. C., & Companioni-González, B. (2020). Método rápido aplicado en evaluación previa de resistencia del banano a Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología, 38(3), 384-397. https://doi.org/10.18781/r.mex.fit.2004-1
Gold, C. S., Pena, J. E., & Karamura, E. B. (2001). Biology and integrated pest management for the banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Integrated Pest Management Reviews, 6, 79-155. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023330900707
Granados-Montero, M., Zúñiga-Castañeda, M., Chaverri-Echandi, P., Escudero-Leyva, E., & Mardones-Hidalgo, M. (2022). Patogenicidad de hongos asociados a plantas de fresa (Fragaria ananassa) y descripción ultraestructural del patosistema. Agronomía Costarricense, 46(2), 9-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rac.v46i2.52043
Guzhñay, E. (2017). Análisis del uso de la hoja de plátano (Musa paradisiaca) en la gastronomía del cantón General Antonio Elizalde (Bucay), provincia del Guayas. [Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad de Guayaquil]. Repositorio digital de la Universidad de Guayaquil. https://repositorio.ug.edu.ec/items/8ce7bc27-0307-441a-bf16-a4fea1cc51be
Guzmán Piedrahita, Ó. A. (2011). El nematodo barrenador (Radopholus similis [Cobb] Thorne) del banano y plátano. Luna Azul, (33), 137-153. https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/lunazul/article/view/1210
Hanlin, R. T. (2001). Combined keys to illustrated genera of Ascomycetes 1 and 2 (5th printing). APS Press.
Henao, S. Z., Vasquez, M. C. H., Hoyos, L. F. P., Torres, J. D. S., & Hoyos-Carvajal, L. M. (2019). Fungal endophytes in bananas cv. Manzano affected by Fusarium. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 14(7), 430-438. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2018.13736
Kamel, M. A. M., Cortesi, P., & Saracchi, M. (2016). Etiological agents of crown rot of organic bananas in the Dominican Republic. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 120, 112-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2016.06.002
Karthikeyan, V., Patharajan, S., Palani, P., & Spadaro, D. (2010). Modified simple protocol for efficient fungal DNA extraction highly. Global Journal of Molecular Sciences, 5(1), 37-42. https://idosi.org/gjms/gjms5(1)/6.pdf
Llanos-Gómez, K. J., Aime, M. C., & Díaz-Valderrama, J. R. (2024). The surface of leaves and fruits of Peruvian cacao is home for several Hannaella yeast species, including the new species Hannaella theobromatis sp. nov. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 117(1), Article 43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-024-01936-2
Maharachchikumbura, S. S. N., Guo, L. D., Chokeatirote, E., Bahkali, A. H., & Hyde, K. D. (2011). Pestalotiopsis: Morphology, phylogeny, biochemistry, and diversity. Fungal Diversity, 50, 167-187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-011-0125-x
Maldonado-Duque, E. A., Vigíl-Correa, A. M., Zurita Chinguel, L. G., León, M. D., Mendoza Rendón, R., Saavedra-Rios, C. Y., Vilchez Estrada, K. N., Peña Zarate, M. C., & Ruiz Polo, A. A. (2024). Patogenicidad de Pectobacterium chrysanthemi en Solanum tuberosum y PCR del espaciador transcrito interno (ITS) del ADNr 16S/23S en aislados de Musa sp. del norte del Perú. Manglar, 21(3), 299-304. https://doi.org/10.57188/manglar.2024.032
Mamani, L. Q., & Magne, H. N. M. (2024). Análisis técnico y económico de los sistemas agroforestales (SAFs) que emplean los productores de banano en el municipio de Alto Beni (Análisis de la producción y problemáticas del banano). Apthapi, 10(3), 2744-2757. https://doi.org/10.53287/nvpx9453ja94j
Marcano, I. E., Díaz-Alcántara, C. A., Pujols, Á. R. P., Alcalá, Á. F. V., & Ramos, P. A. N. (2024). Inhibición de Mycosphaerella fijiensis en banano orgánico (Musa AAA L.) con la aplicación de bacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal. Revista de Investigación e Innovación Agropecuaria y de Recursos Naturales, 11(3), 7-15. https://doi.org/10.53287/kxys3855fa98o
Martin, G., Cardi, C., Sarah, G., Ricci, S., Jenny, C., Fondi, E., Perrier, X., Glaszmann, J.C., D’Hont, A., & Yahiaoui, N. (2020). (2020). Genome ancestry mosaics reveal multiple and cryptic contributors to cultivated banana. Plant Journal, 102(5), 1008–1025. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14683
Martin, G., Cottin, A., Baurens, F. C., Labadie, K., Hervouet, C., Salmon, F., Paulo-de-la-Reberdiere, N., Van den Houwe, I., Sardos, J., Aury, J.-M., D’Hont, A., & Yahiaoui, N. (2023). Interspecific introgression patterns reveal the origins of worldwide cultivated bananas in New Guinea. Plant Journal, 113(4), 802–818. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.16086
Martínez Acosta, A. M. (2024). Factores asociados con la mancha de madurez en banano (Musa AAA) [Tesis de doctorado, Universidad Nacional de Colombia]. Repositorio digital de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/87161
Mello, S., Ribeiro, Z., Sousa, G. R., Tigano, M., Nachtigal, G. D. F., Fontes, E., & Maria, G. (2001). Padrões isoenzimáticos e morfologia de isolados de Alternaria spp. patogénicos a Senna obtusifolia. Fitopatologia Brasileira, 26(3), 667-669. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-41582001000300017
Mena-Portales, J., Cantillo-Pérez, T., & Minter, D.W. (2017). A new species of the conidial fungal genus Spegazzinia (Pleosporales Didymosphaeriaceae) collected on sugarcane in Cuba. Phytotaxa, 331(2), 295–298. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.331.2.14
Mengal, H. S., Abro, M. A., Jatoi, G. H., Nawab, L., Poussio, G. B., Ahmed, N., Zehri, A. Q., & Ali, A. (2020). Eficacia de diferentes fungicidas, extractos botánicos y agentes de biocontrol contra Cladosporium cladosporioides, el agente causal de la podredumbre por Cladosporium en las uvas. Acta Ecológica Sinica, 40(4), 300–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2019.08.002
Mogollón-Farias, C. A., Córdova Campos, J. S., García-García, S. M., & Ruiz-Polo, A. A. (2025). Lasiodiplodia theobromae asociado a manchas foliares en Musa acuminata empleando la región ITS en ADN fúngico. Manglar , 22 (2), 221-227. http://dx.doi.org/10.57188/manglar.2025.024
Mostacero Gonzáles, G. O. (2019). Etiología y patogénesis de la mancha de ojo en maíz (Zea mays L.) en el valle del Santa. [Tesis de grado, Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca]. Repositorio digital de la Universidad de Cajamarca. http://190.116.36.86/bitstream/handle/20.500.14074/3168/T016_32766161_T.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Nicoletti, R., Ruso, E., & Becchimanzi, A. (2024). Cladosporium—Insect Relationships. Journal of Fungi, 10(1), Article 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10010078
Nam, M. H., Park, M. S., Kim, H. S., Kim, T. I., & Kim, H. G. (2015). Cladosporium cladosporioides y C. tenuissimum causan el tizón de la flor en la fresa en Corea. Mycobiology, 43, 354–359. https://doi.org/10.5941/MYCO.2015.43.3.354
Paladines-Montero, A., Zapata, C., Ramírez-Villacís, D. X., & León-Reyes, A. (2022). Estudio preliminar de la microbiota foliar de banano y su variación en presencia del patógeno Sigatoka Negra (Pseudocercospora fijiensis). ACI Avances en Ciencias e Ingenierías, 14(1), Artículo 2299. https://doi.org/10.18272/aci.v14i1.2299
Phillips, A. J. L., Alves, A., Abdollahzadeh, J., Slippers, B., Wingfield, M.J., Groenewald, J.Z. &Crous, P.W. (2013). The Botryosphaeriaceae: genera and species known from culture. Studies in Mycology, 76(1), 51-167. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim0021
Phillips, A., Alves, A., Correia, A., & Luque, J. (2005). Two new species of Botryosphaeria with brown, 1-septate ascospores and Dothiorella anamorphs. Mycologia, 97(2), 513–529. https://doi.org/10.3852/mycologia.97.2.513
Picos-Muñoz, P. A., García-Estrada, R. S., León-Félix, J., Sañudo-Barajas, A., & Allende- Molar, R. (2015). Lasiodiplodia theobromae en cultivos agrícolas de México: Taxonomía, hospedantes, diversidad y control. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología, 33(1), 54-74.
Pineda Ramon, J. S. (2021). Evaluación de diferentes métodos de aplicación de fungicidas y extractos botánicos para el control de pudrición de corona de banano [Tesis de licenciatura, Universidad Técnica de Machala]. Repositorio digital UTMACH. https://repositorio.utmachala.edu.ec/handle/48000/16561
Rangel, J. C. S., Morán, F. F. C., Márquez, R. L., Padilla, A. M. B., & Zermeño, M. A. A. (2022). Riqueza foliar de hongos endófitos cultivables aislados de plantas de banano (Musa spp.) con manejo orgánico. Biotecnología y Sustentabilidad, 7(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.57737/biotecnologiaysust.v7i1.1394
Regalado, J. G., Plaza, A. M., & Sánchez, C. P. (2019). Amenazas de las manchas foliares de Sigatoka, Mycosphaerella spp., en la producción sostenible de banano en el Ecuador. Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, 14(5), 591-596. https://doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v14i5.6623
Sáez Vega, A. S., Flóres Valdés, L. F., & Cadavid Rendón, A. C. (2002). Caracterización de una cepa nativa de Aspergillus niger y evaluación de la producción de ácido cítrico. Revista Universidad EAFIT, 38(128), 33-42. https://publicaciones.eafit.edu.co/index.php/revista-universidad-eafit/article/view/845
Saraswathi, M., Kannan, G., Uma, S., Thangavelu, R., & Backiyarani, S. (2016). Improvement of banana cv. Rasthali (Silk, AAB) against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (VCG 0124/5) through induced mutagenesis: Determination of LD50 specific to mutagen, explants, toxins and in vitro and in vivo screening for Fusarium wilt resistance. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 54(3), 345-353. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27319054/
Sardos, J., Breton, C., Perrier, X., Van den Houwe, I., Carpentier, S., Paofa, J., Rouard, M., & Roux, N. (2022). Hibridación, ancestros silvestres desaparecidos y domesticación de plátanos diploides cultivados. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, Article 969220. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.969220
Sarmiento-López, H., Hernández-Marín, D. A., Chávez-Montes, A., García-Rodríguez, J. L., Sigala-Rodríguez, J. Á., & Sánchez-García, E. (2024). Morfología y patogenicidad de Fusarium aislado de pino en viveros de Durango. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas, 15(5), Artículo e37221. https://doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v15i5.3722
Sharon, O., Kagan-Trushina, N., & Sharon, A. (2024). Wheat fungal endophyte communities are inseparable from the host and influence plant development. Plant Microbiology, 15(2), Article e02533-23. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02533-23
Souza Jr., C. A., Marcon, J., Andrade, P. A. M., Silva, J. A., Faraldo, M. I. F., Verdi, M. C. O., Melo, F. A. A., & Azevedo, J. L. (2018). Endophytic bacterial and fungi associated to banana leaves (Musa spp.) cultivated under organic management. Journal of Agricultural Science, 10(10), 460-467. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n10p460
Surridge, A. K. J., Wehner, F. C., Crous, P. W., & Viljoen, A. (2003). First report of Cladosporium musae on banana in South Africa. Australasian Plant Pathology, 32, 499–503. https://doi.org/10.1071/AP03051
Tomalo Guanoluisa, M. A. (2015). Caracterización morfológica de hongos fitopatógenos en el cultivo de fresa (fragaria vesca) en el sector de Salache Barbapamba, cantón Salcedo, Cotopaxi 2015. [Tesis de Titulación, Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi]. Repositorio digital de la Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi. https://repositorio.utc.edu.ec/items/72e4d11f-f1dd-45b5-b13f-26d312320e5e
Urdaneta, L. M., Delgado, A. E., Sosa, L., & Piñeiro, A. (2002). Microbiota del filoplano en plátano Harton (Musa AAB), en el municipio Francisco Javier Pulgar del estado Zulia, Venezuela. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía, 19(2), 95-108. https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/agronomia/article/view/26413/27039
Ustate, L. M. T., Gambasica, N. V. P., & Martínez, M. L. C. (2024). Role of precision agriculture in mitigating black Sigatoka in banana cultivation under climate change: A review and bibliometric analysis. TecnoLógicas, 61, Article 3158. https://doi.org/10.22430/22565337.3158
Warman, N. W., & Aitken, E. A. (2018). The movement of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (sub-tropical race 4) in susceptible cultivars of banana. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, Article 1748. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01748
White, T. J., Bruns, T., Lee, S., & Taylor, J. (1990). Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In M. A. Innis, D. H. Gelfand, J. J. Sninsky, & T. J. White (Eds.), PCR protocols: A guide to methods and applications (pp. 315–322). Academic Press.
Yi, P., Zhao, M., Huang, F., Li, L., Sun, J., Xie, L., Ling, D., Li, J., Huang, M., Gan, T., Tang, Y., Li, C., He, X., & Sheng, J. (2025). Análisis dinámico de la comunidad fúngica y el metaboloma asociado con enfermedades poscosecha en cáscara de banano en condiciones naturales. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 222, Article 113384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2024.113384
Zakaria, L., & Aziz, W. N. A. (2018). Molecular identification of endophytic fungi from banana leaves (Musa spp.). Tropical Life Sciences Research, 29(2), 201–211. https://doi.org/10.21315/tlsr2018.29.2.8
Zapata-Ramón, C. G., Paladines-Montero, A., León-Reyes, A., & Ramírez-Villacís, D. X. (2022). Caracterización del microbioma de plantas de banano (Musa× paradisiaca L.) bajo sistemas de producción orgánica y convencional. ACI Avances en Ciencias e Ingenierías, 14(2), Artículo 2298. https://doi.org/10.18272/aci.v14i2.2298
Zhang, Z., Kong, X., Jin, D., Yu, H., Zhu, X., Su, X., Wang, P., Zhang, R., Jia, M., & Deng, Y. (2019). Euonymus japonicus phyllosphere microbiome is significantly changed by powdery mildew. Archives of Microbiology, 201(8), 1099–1109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-019-01639-1
Zhao, J., Xu, X., Xu, X., Guo, L., Wang, X., Xiang, W., & Zhao, J. (2024). Identification and pathogenicity of Clonostachys spp. and its co‐inoculation with Fusarium species on soybean root. Plant Pathology, 73(7), 1801-1811. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13931
Zhu, M., Bai, H., Zhang, W., Zhao, S., Qiu, Z., & He, F. (2024). Identification and biocontrol of Cladosporium mold caused by Cladosporium cladosporioides on wheat spikes in central China. Agronomy, 14(10), Article 2330. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14102330
Zhu, M., Zhang, W., Duan, X., Yan, S., Cai, Y., Gong, S., Fahad, S., & Qiu, Z. (2024). Potencial de biocontrol de Cladosporium sphaerospermum contra el hongo del mildiú polvoroso del trigo Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici. Desinfección de Plantas, 108(10), 2983-2988.https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-24-0433-SC
Downloads
Published
License
Copyright (c) 2026 César Augusto Mogollón-Farias, José Stalyn Córdova Campos, Segundo Melecio García-García, Archi Alejandro Archi Alejandro, Eric Mialhe (Autor/a)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
1. Proposed policy for open access journals
Authors who publish in this journal accept the following conditions:
a. Authors retain the copyright and assign to the journal the right to the first publication, with the work registered under the attribution, non-commercial and no-derivative license from Creative Commons, which allows third parties to use what has been published as long as they mention the authorship of the work and upon first publication in this journal, the work may not be used for commercial purposes and the publications may not be used to remix, transform or create another work.
b. Authors may enter into additional independent contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the version of the article published in this journal (e.g., including it in an institutional repository or publishing it in a book) provided that they clearly indicate that the work was first published in this journal.
c. Authors are permitted and encouraged to publish their work on the Internet (e.g. on institutional or personal pages) before and during the review and publication process, as it may lead to productive exchanges and faster and wider dissemination of published work (see The Effect of Open Access).
How to Cite
